Class 12 Automotive Solutions

Class 12 Automotive Solutions – Four Wheeler Service Technician is a practical and student-friendly reference and examination-preparation book designed for Class 12 students studying Automotive under the NSQF vocational education framework. This book focuses on the essential knowledge and practical concepts required for students preparing for the Four Wheeler Service Technician job role. It provides clear explanations and useful solutions to help learners understand automotive service concepts, revise important topics, and prepare confidently for examinations.

Class 12 Automotive Solutions

Job Role: Four-Wheeler Service Technician

Class 12

 

 

 

Edited by

Menonim Menonimus

 

 

Menonimus Publishing

www.menonimus.com

Copyright

Copyright © Menonim Menonimus

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, stored, transmitted, or used in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise—without prior written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations used for purposes such as review, criticism, or scholarly reference where permitted by applicable law.

This publication, including its text, explanations, questions, answers, examples, summaries, tables, and other original material, has been independently prepared by the author/publisher for educational and examination-preparation purposes. 0 0 0

Disclaimer

This book, Automotive (Four Wheeler Service Technician) (NSQF), has been prepared for educational and examination-preparation purposes. Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and usefulness of the content, examples, formats, and exercises. However, requirements and conventions may vary among educational boards, examinations, and institutions. Readers are advised to follow the latest official guidelines applicable to them.

The author and publisher do not guarantee any particular academic or examination result and shall not be responsible for any loss or consequence arising from the use of this book.

 

Preface to Class 12 Automotive Solutions

Automotive Solutions – Four Wheeler Service Technician, Class XII is a practical and student-friendly reference and examination-preparation book designed for Class 12 students studying Automotive under the NSQF vocational education framework.

This book focuses on the essential knowledge and practical concepts required for students preparing for the Four Wheeler Service Technician job role. It provides clear explanations and useful solutions to help learners understand automotive service concepts, revise important topics, and prepare confidently for examinations.

Automotive Solutions – Four Wheeler Service Technician, Class XII is a useful companion for students seeking a straightforward reference book for Automotive vocational education and examination preparation.

Menonim Menonimus

Menonimus Publishing

www.menonimus.com

 

Module 1: Service Manual

Session 1:  Service Manual of Respective Vehicle

Textual Question-Answers

Know Your Progress

Answer the following questions

Q1. Why service manual is used?

Ans: A service manual is used to provide complete technical information about a vehicle so that mechanics can perform inspection, servicing, repair, adjustment, and replacement of parts correctly and safely.

Q2. Who develops the Service manual?

Ans: The service manual is developed by the vehicle manufacturer or Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM).

Q3. What are the advantages of using service manual?

Ans: The advantages of using service manual are that it provides correct repair procedures, helps in accurate fault diagnosis, reduces repair time and errors, ensures safe working practices, and improves quality of service.

Fill in the blanks

1. The service manual provides a __________ chart.

Ans: troubleshooting

2. The service manual gives range of voltage, amperage and __________ in a variation of speed.

Ans: resistance

3. Mechanic use __________ for any defect in a vehicle.

Ans: service manual

Multiple Choice Questions

1: What is the primary purpose of a service manual for motor vehicles?

(a) To determine the vehicle’s resale value

(b) To provide entertainment for mechanics

(c) To help mechanics perform repairs and maintenance

(d) To showcase the latest vehicle models

Ans: (c)

2: What does the service manual help mechanics learn about a vehicle?

(a) Marketing strategies

(b) Historical data

(c) Techniques for component manufacturing

(d) Technical details and assembly procedures

Ans: (d)

3: Which of the following is NOT covered by the service manual?

(a) Maintenance schedule

(b) Vehicle’s color options

(c) Replacement limit of components

(d) Testing procedures and workability

Ans: (b)

4: What information does the service manual provide about electrical components in modern automobiles?

(a) Historical anecdotes

(b) Cooking recipes

(c) Voltage, amperage, and resistance ranges

(d) Fashion trends

Ans: (c)

Activity

1. List the content of vehicle service manual seen.

Ans: The list of content of the vehicle servie manual seen:

1. Safety instructions and precautions
2. Maintenance and service schedule

iii. Engine, transmission, and chassis details

1. Electrical wiring diagrams
2. Troubleshooting and testing procedures
3. Write the part number of following components
4. Clutch disc

Ans: CLT-FD-1023

1. Disk pad

Ans: BRK-DP-4587

1. Headlight

Ans: HL-FR-2210

1. Backlight

 Ans: BL-GL-3305

1. Piston

Ans: ENG-PS-7789

 

Module 2:  Serviceability, Replacement or Repair of Engine Components

Session 1: Reconditioning of Valve Mechanism

Textual Question-Answers

Know Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The valve mechanism controls the submission of inlet gases and emission of exhaust gases in relation to the rotation of the …………….

Ans: crankshaft

2. Valve ……………. is necessary to diagnose leakages of combustion gases and improve engine performance.

Ans: testing

3. During the valve lapping operation, abrasive/emery paste is applied on the valve face, and the lapping stick is turned in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions to ensure proper sealing between the valve and …………….

Ans: valve seat

4. The Overhead Cam (OHC) mechanism consumes less engine power for valve operation and is located at the …………….

Ans: cylinder head

Multiple Choice Questions

1: Which of the following components controls the timing and quantity of gas or vapor flow into an engine?

(a) Piston rings

(b) Rocker arm

(c) Valve

(d) Camshaft

Ans: (c)

 2: What is the primary reason for conducting a compression test of an engine’s valve mechanism?

(a) To measure fuel efficiency

(b) To check for coolant leaks

(c) To assess valve leakage

(d) To evaluate oil pressure

Ans: (c)

3: In an Overhead Cam (OHC) mechanism, where is the camshaft fixed?

(a) In the crankcase

(b) In the cylinder head

(c) On the rocker arm

(d) In the valve guide

Ans: (b)

4: What is the purpose of the valve lapping operation during reconditioning?

(a) To measure valve leakage

(b) To replace damaged valves

(c) To adjust valve tappet clearance

(d) To ensure proper sealing between the valve and valve seat

Ans: (d)

Answer the following questions

Q1. What is poppet valve?

Ans: A poppet valve is a type of valve used in IC engines to control the entry of fresh charge and exit of exhaust gases by opening and closing the ports.

Q2. How many kinds of valve used in IC Engine?

Ans: Two kinds of valves are used in an IC engine, namely inlet valve and exhaust valve.

Q3. What are the purposes of a valve?

Ans: The purpose of a valve is to admit air or air-fuel mixture into the cylinder and to discharge exhaust gases from the cylinder at the correct time.

Q4. Briefly describe a function of a valve & draw its line diagrams with details.

Ans: The function of a valve is to open and close the inlet and exhaust ports in proper sequence with engine operation to control gas flow.

Note: Students should draw a neat line diagram of an engine valve and label its parts.

Q5. What are the seat angles & why it is required?

Ans: The common valve seat angles are 30°, 45°, and 60°. These angles are required to ensure proper sealing, better heat transfer, and longer valve life.

Q6. Which part control opening & closing of a valve?

Ans: The camshaft controls the opening and closing of a valve.

Q7. Write the name of the tools required for valve seat grinding.

Ans: Valve grinding machine, lapping stick, emery paste, valve spring compressor, and cleaning brush.

Activity

1. Make a list of reasons for valve leakage in a vehicle.

Ans:

Sl. No.       Reason

1. Worn or burnt valve
2. Damaged valve seat
3. Improper valve seating
4. Carbon deposits on valve face
5. Make a poster showing engine valve and label its parts.

Ans: Prctise yourself

 

Session 2:  Replacement of Piston Rings

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The primary functions of piston rings in an internal combustion engine are to seal ……………. so that there is no transfer of combustion gases from the chamber to the crankcase.

Ans: the combustion chamber

2. The top two rings in most automobile engines are known as ……………. while the lower ring is an oil ring responsible for controlling oil supply.

Ans: compression rings

3. Piston rings are subjected to wear due to movement within the cylinder bore as the piston moves from …………… to Bottom Dead Centre.

Ans: Top Dead Centre

4. During the inspection of piston clearance in a multi-cylinder engine, a set of tools including spanners, a micrometer, and a ………….. gauge is used to ensure correct gaps and clearances.

Ans: feeler gauge

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the main function of piston rings in an internal combustion engine?
2. A) To increase fuel efficiency
3. B) To regulate exhaust emissions
4. C) To cool down the engine components
5. D) To seal the combustion chamber and prevent gas leakage

Ans: D) To seal the combustion chamber and prevent gas leakage

2. Which type of piston ring is responsible for controlling the supply of oil to the cylinder liner?
3. A) Compression ring
4. B) Exhaust ring
5. C) Oil ring
6. D) Power ring

Ans: C) Oil ring

3. What is the primary reason for the wear of piston rings in an engine?
4. A) Movement within the cylinder bore during engine cycles
5. B) Inadequate cooling
6. C) Excessive lubrication
7. D) Irregular combustion

Ans: A) Movement within the cylinder bore during engine cycles

4. What is the purpose of inspecting the end gap of a piston ring?
5. A) To measure the thickness of the ring
6. B) To check for wear on the cylinder bore
7. C) To ensure proper alignment and expansion of the piston ring
8. D) To determine the oil consumption rate of the engine

Ans: C) To ensure proper alignment and expansion of the piston ring

Answer the following questions

1. How many types of rings used in piston?

Ans: Three types of rings are used in a piston, two compression rings and one oil control ring.

2. How much the clearance provided in the cylinder bore?

Ans: The clearance provided in the cylinder bore is generally about 0.02 mm to 0.06 mm.

3. What are the functions of compression rings?

Ans: The functions of compression rings are to seal the combustion chamber, prevent gas leakage into the crankcase, transfer heat from the piston to the cylinder wall, and maintain compression pressure.

4. What are the functions of oil control ring?

Ans: The functions of the oil control ring are to control the amount of lubricating oil on the cylinder wall, scrape excess oil back to the crankcase, and prevent oil from entering the combustion chamber.

5. What is the position of the ring in the piston?

Ans: Compression rings are fitted in the upper grooves of the piston and the oil control ring is fitted in the lowest groove.

Activity

1. Make a list of steps required to measure the clearance between piston and cylinder wall.

Ans:

1. No. Steps
2. Clean the piston and cylinder bore thoroughly
3. Measure the piston diameter using a micrometer
4. Measure the cylinder bore diameter using a bore gauge
5. Calculate the clearance by subtracting piston diameter from bore diameter
6. Make a poster showing piston and piston rings and label parts.

Ans: Try Yoursself

 

Session 3: Inspection and Replacement of Sleeves, Connecting Rod and Engine Bearing

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. In an engine, the cylinder liner, also known as a …………… inside of the cylinder to protect it from wear and damage. lines the

Ans: bore sleeve

2. If a connecting rod is damaged beyond repair, it needs to be …………with a new one.

Ans: replaced

3. One of the indicators of worn-out engine bearings is the presence of ………..in the oil.

Ans: metal particles

4. Inspecting the ……….. of the crankshaft is done using a dial gauge to check for runout or bending.

Ans: alignment

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of a cylinder liner or bore sleeve in an engine?
2. A) To hold the spark plugs
3. B) To line the inside of the cylinder and protect it
4. C) To connect the piston to the crankshaft
5. D) To control the flow of coolant

Ans: B) To line the inside of the cylinder and protect it

2. What is the primary reason for inspecting the cylinder liner?
3. A) To check the color of the liner
4. B) To ensure proper coolant flow
5. C) To measure the piston size
6. D) To identify wear, scratches, or damage

Ans: D) To identify wear, scratches, or damage

3. What could cause scratches on a cylinder liner?
4. A) Excessive coolant flow
5. B) Incorrect piston size
6. C) Piston ring sticking
7. D) Too much engine oil

Ans: C) Piston ring sticking

4. The connecting rod in an engine serves to:
5. A) Direct the flow of air
6. B) Convert rotational motion to up-and-down motion
7. C) Hold the fuel injectors
8. D) Control exhaust gas emissions

Ans: B) Convert rotational motion to up-and-down motion

Answer the following questions

1. What is the function of connecting rod?

Ans: The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft and converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft.

2. Why do some connecting rod have a hole drilled from small end to the big end bearing?

Ans: The hole is drilled to allow lubricating oil to flow from the small end to the big end bearing for proper lubrication and cooling.

3. Which parts are connected to the small end of the connecting rod?

Ans: The piston is connected to the small end of the connecting rod through the gudgeon pin.

4. Which part of connecting rod is connected with crankshaft?

Ans: The big end of the connecting rod is connected with the crankshaft. .

5. How to check bend in connecting rod?

Ans: Bend in a connecting rod is checked using a connecting rod aligner or by placing it on a surface plate and checking with a dial gauge.

6. How to check clearance between connecting rod and crankshaft?

Ans: The clearance is checked using plastigauge or by measuring the journal and bearing with a micrometer and bore gauge.

Activity

1. Make a list of steps required for inspection and replacement of cylinder liner or bore sleeve

Ans:

1. No. Steps
2. Drain engine oil and coolant
3. Remove cylinder head, piston, and connecting rod
4. Inspect the liner for wear, scratches, taper, and ovality
5. Remove damaged liner, fit new liner, and reassemble engine
6. Make a poster showing ovality and taperness

Ans: The students shoudl try themselves. 0 0 0

 

Session 4: Testing of Cooling System and Replacement of Defective Component

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The primary purpose of the cooling system in an internal combustion engine is to prevent ………………

Ans: overheating of the engine.

2. The cooling system is responsible for removing approximately ……………..% of the heat generated during the engine’s power stroke.

Ans: 30%.

3. The radiator is responsible for dissipating heat and cooling down the ……………..

Ans: coolant.

4. The component responsible for regulating coolant flow based on engine temperature is called the …………………..

Ans: thermostat.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the primary function of the cooling system in an internal combustion engine?
2. A) Increase engine efficiency
3. B) Enhance fuel combustion
4. C) Prevent overheating
5. D) Improve exhaust emissions

Ans: C) Prevent overheating

2. During which stroke of the internal combustion engine, the highest temperature typically occurs?
3. A) Power stroke
4. B) Compression stroke
5. C) Exhaust stroke
6. D) Intake stroke

Ans: A) Power stroke

3. What is one of the potential consequences of high engine temperatures?
4. A) Improved fuel efficiency
5. B) Reduced exhaust emissions
6. C) Increased lubricant viscosity
7. D) Enhanced engine performance

Ans: C) Increased lubricant viscosity

4. What is the purpose of the cooling fan in the cooling system?
5. A) Increase engine power
6. B) Enhance exhaust flow
7. C) Improve fuel combustion
8. D) Disperse heat and maintain engine temperature

Ans: D) Disperse heat and maintain engine temperature

Answer the following questions

Q1. Why the cooling system is important in IC Engine?

Ans: The cooling system is important because it prevents overheating, maintains proper engine temperature, reduces wear of engine parts, and ensures efficient and safe engine operation.

Q2. Name the different component of cooling system.

Ans: Radiator, water pump, thermostat, cooling fan, radiator cap, hoses, coolant, and engine water jackets.

Q3. Name the different methods of engine cooling.

Ans: Air cooling system and water or liquid cooling system.

Q4. Difference between oil cooling system and water-cooling system.

Ans: In an oil cooling system, engine oil absorbs and carries away heat from engine parts, while in a water-cooling system, coolant circulates through the engine and radiator to remove heat more effectively.

Q5. What is the function of radiator in cooling system?

Ans: The radiator dissipates heat from the hot coolant into the atmosphere and helps in cooling the coolant before it is recirculated to the engine.

Q6. Why coolant is added in the radiator?

Ans: Coolant is added to improve heat transfer, prevent freezing in cold weather, avoid boiling in high temperature, and protect engine parts from corrosion.

Q7. What is the function of thermostats?

Ans: The thermostat controls the flow of coolant according to engine temperature and helps the engine reach and maintain its optimum operating temperature.

Q8. What is the function of water pump and cooling fan?

Ans: The water pump circulates coolant through the engine and radiator, while the cooling fan helps in removing heat from the radiator, especially at low vehicle speed.

Activity

Exercise: Assignment

1. Make a list of common faults in cooling system

Ans:

1. No. Fault
2. Coolant leakage
3. Overheating of engine
4. Radiator blockage
5. Thermostat failure
6. Make a poster showing water/fluid cooling system of any vehicle and label all the components.

Ans: The poster should include and label the radiator, water pump, thermostat, cooling fan, radiator cap, hoses, engine block, and coolant passages.

Try yourself.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Session 5: Regular Servicing of MPFI System

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) system is advantageous because it provides a more uniform ……………. to each cylinder, resulting in minimized power differences between cylinders.

      Ans: air–fuel mixture.

2. The Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor is responsible for monitoring the intake air flow, which is crucial for correcting the Air Flow Map and regulating …………………

      Ans: fuel injection.

3. The Coolant Temperature Sensor (CTS) is a type of ……………. that changes resistance as the engine’s temperature changes, helping determine the engine’s temperature.

      Ans: thermistor.

4. The Rail Pressure Sensor (RPS) is located on the fuel common rail and its primary function is to monitor and decide the ………… of the fuel injector.

      Ans: injection pressure.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the primary advantage of the Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) system over a single-point injection system?
2. A) Improved engine vibration
3. B) Lower fuel consumption
4. C) Increased exhaust emissions
5. D) Enhanced cold start performance

      Ans: B) Lower fuel consumption

2. Which component of the MPFI system is responsible for receiving signals from various sensors and sending control signals to actuators?
3. A) Throttle Position Sensor (TPS)
4. B) Crankshaft Position Sensor
5. C) Oxygen (O2) Sensor
6. D) Engine Control Module (ECM)

Ans: D) Engine Control Module (ECM)

3. Which sensor changes resistance based on the temperature of the coolant and helps in regulating engine performance?
4. A) Throttle Position Sensor (TPS)
5. B) Crankshaft Position Sensor
6. C) Coolant Temperature Sensor (CTS)
7. D) Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor

      Ans: C) Coolant Temperature Sensor (CTS)

4. What is the main function of the EGR Vacuum Modulator in the MPFI system?
5. A) To control exhaust emissions
6. B) To monitor intake vacuum
7. C) To regulate fuel pressure
8. D) To control EGR flow

      Ans: D) To control EGR flow

Answer the following questions

      Q1. What is the full form of MPFI?

      Ans: Multi-Point Fuel Injection.

Q2. What are main components of MPFI?

      Ans: Fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, fuel injectors, fuel rail, throttle body, sensors, actuators, and Engine Control Module.

Q3. What are the advantages of MPFI over the conventional system?

      Ans: MPFI provides better fuel economy, uniform fuel distribution, improved engine performance, lower emissions, and smooth engine operation.

Q4. What are the disadvantages of MPFI over the conventional system?

      Ans: MPFI system is costly, requires skilled technicians for maintenance, and involves complex electronic components.

Q5. What precaution to be taken while working on MPFI system?

      Ans: The battery should be disconnected, fuel pressure should be released, proper tools should be used, and cleanliness must be maintained to avoid damage to sensors and injectors

Q6. What is a sensor?

      Ans: A sensor is a device that detects physical or chemical changes and converts them into electrical signals for the ECM.

Q7. What is Actuator?

      Ans: An actuator is a device that receives signals from the ECM and performs an action such as opening or closing valves or controlling fuel injection.

Q8. What is ECM?

      Ans: ECM is the Engine Control Module that processes input signals from sensors and controls actuators to ensure optimum engine performance.

Q9. Write the two names of sensor used in MPFI.

      Ans: Throttle Position Sensor and Coolant Temperature Sensor.

Activity

1. Make a list of advantages of MPFI system

Ans:

1. No. Advantage
2. Better fuel efficiency
3. Reduced exhaust emissions
4. Smooth engine operation
5. Improved cold starting
6. Make a poster showing different stages from 1 to 4 of multipoint injection fuel as per valve timing.

    Ans: The poster should show fuel injection stages during intake valve opening, atomization of fuel, mixing of air and fuel, and fuel delivery to the combustion chamber with proper valve timing.

Try yourself.

 

Session 6: Servicing of CRDI and Non CRDI System

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The main purpose of a Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) system is to inject fuel directly into the ……………

      Ans: combustion chamber.

2. A turbocharger increases engine power by forcing more …………… into the combustion chamber.

      Ans: air.

3. The Electronic Control Module (ECM) is responsible for controlling the …………… of the diesel engine.

      Ans: fuel injection and engine operation.

4. The role of a fuel injector nozzle is to spray fuel into the cylinder in …………… form for proper combustion.

      Ans: atomized.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the main function of a Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) system in a diesel engine?
2. a) Controlling the engine speed
3. b) Storing fuel
4. c) Filtering air for combustion
5. d) Injecting fuel into the cylinder

      Ans: d) Injecting fuel into the cylinder

2. What is the purpose of a turbocharger in an engine?
3. a) Increase the size of the engine
4. b) Improve fuel efficiency
5. c) Generate electricity
6. d) Force more air into the combustion chamber

      Ans: d) Force more air into the combustion chamber

3. What is the role of the Electronic Control Module (ECM) in a diesel engine’s fuel supply system?
4. a) Filtering the fuel
5. b) Storing excess fuel
6. c) Controlling the engine speed
7. d) Injecting fuel into the cylinder

      Ans: c) Controlling the engine speed

4. What is the purpose of a fuel injector nozzle in a diesel engine?
5. a) Storing excess fuel
6. b) Controlling the engine speed
7. c) Filtering the fuel
8. d) Spraying fuel into the cylinder in an atomized form

      Ans: d) Spraying fuel into the cylinder in an atomized form

Answer the following questions

1. What is the full form of CRDI?

      Ans: Common Rail Direct Injection.

2. What are the main components of CRDI?

      Ans: Fuel tank, low-pressure fuel pump, high-pressure pump, common rail, fuel injectors, sensors, and Electronic Control Module.

3. What are the advantages of CRDI over Conventional Diesel system?

      Ans: CRDI provides better fuel efficiency, higher engine power, smoother engine operation, reduced noise, and lower exhaust emissions.

4. What are the disadvantages of CRDI over Conventional Diesel system?

      Ans: CRDI system is expensive, sensitive to fuel quality, and requires skilled technicians for maintenance and repair.

5. What precaution to be taken while working on CRDI system?

      Ans: High fuel pressure must be released, battery should be disconnected, clean fuel and tools must be used, and safety guidelines should be strictly followed.

6. Explain the use of turbo charger.

      Ans: A turbocharger uses exhaust gas energy to compress intake air, allowing more air into the combustion chamber, which increases engine power and efficiency.

Activity

1. Make a list of components of CRDI system

      Ans:

1. No. Advantage
2. Fuel tank
3. High-pressure fuel pump
4. Common rail
5. Fuel injector
6. Make a poster showing CRDI system and its components

      Ans: The poster should show and label the fuel tank, fuel pump, common rail, injectors, sensors, ECM, and fuel lines clearly.

Try yourself.

 

Module 3: Transmission System

Session 1: Overhauling of clutch

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. Diaphragm clutch is advantageous over spring clutch as it transmits more torque due to the use of a diaphragm ……………

      Ans: spring.

2. During the process of overhauling a clutch assembly, it is important to inspect the clutch plate for ……………. and check its thickness.

      Ans: wear.

3. Clutch slip occurs when power transmission is not properly ……………. to the gearbox even after releasing the clutch plate.

      Ans: transmitted.

4. A weakened diaphragm spring can be one of the causes of ………………

      Ans: clutch slip.

Multiple Choice Questions

1:What type of clutch uses a diaphragm spring instead of a coil spring?

1. a) Spring clutch
2. b) Multi-plate clutch
3. c) Centrifugal clutch
4. d) Diaphragm clutch

Ans: d) Diaphragm clutch

2: Why is a diaphragm clutch advantageous over a spring clutch?

1. a) It has larger size
2. b) It requires more maintenance
3. c) It transmits more torque
4. d) It is less affected by centrifugal force

Ans: c) It transmits more torque

3: What is the primary purpose of overhauling a clutch assembly?

1. a) To increase rotational speed
2. b) To replace the engine
3. c) To improve fuel efficiency
4. d) To restore proper functioning and efficiency

Ans: d) To restore proper functioning and efficiency

4: Clutch slip occurs when:

1. a) The clutch pedal is released slowly
2. b) Power transmission is not transmitted to the gearbox after releasing the clutch plate
3. c) The engine stalls
4. d) The clutch pedal is pushed all the way to the floor

Ans: b) Power transmission is not transmitted to the gearbox after releasing the clutch plate

Answer the following questions

1. What is the importance of reconditioning and overhauling the clutch of a vehicle?

Ans: Reconditioning and overhauling the clutch restores proper power transmission, improves vehicle performance, increases clutch life, and prevents breakdowns.

2. What are the functions of clutch in vehicle?

Ans: The clutch connects and disconnects engine power to the gearbox, allows smooth starting, enables gear shifting, and prevents engine stalling.

3. When is the clutch plate changed in a vehicle?

Ans: The clutch plate is changed when it becomes excessively worn, slips during operation, causes judder, or fails to transmit power properly.

4. Enlist the components of clutch system?

Ans: Flywheel, clutch plate, pressure plate, diaphragm spring, release bearing, clutch fork, and clutch pedal.

5. What components are linked to the gear input shaft?

Ans: The clutch plate hub is linked to the gear input shaft.

6. Why the clutch springs are used in clutch plate?

Ans: Clutch springs absorb shocks, reduce vibrations, and ensure smooth engagement of the clutch.

Activity

1. Make a list of steps for removing clutch assembly from the engine

Ans:

1. No. Steps
2. Disconnect the battery and remove the gearbox
3. Support the engine and transmission properly
4. Remove clutch pressure plate bolts
5. Remove clutch plate and pressure plate assembly
6. Prepare a list of the causes and remedies of clutch judder

Ans:

1. No. Causes               Remedies
2. Oil or grease on clutch plate– Clean or replace clutch plate
3. Warped flywheel–Resurface or replace flywheel
4. Uneven clutch plate wear–Replace clutch plate
5. Loose engine or gearbox mount–Tighten or replace mounts

 

Session 2:  Servicing of Propeller Shaft, Universal and Slip Joints

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. If the dial gauge shows a deflection of 2 mm, it indicates that the propeller shaft is ……………

Ans: bent.

2. The drive shaft is responsible for transmitting power from the ……….. to the ……………

Ans: gearbox to the differential.

3. To prevent squeaking noise, it’s recommended to lubricate the …………… joints and propeller shaft.

Ans: universal.

4. The drive shaft assembly consists of inboard joint, wheel side joint, and …………….. joint.

Ans: slip.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the purpose of a propeller shaft in a vehicle?
2. A) To clean the engine
3. B) To transmit power between the gearbox and differential
4. C) To steer the vehicle
5. D) To control suspension

Ans: B) To transmit power between the gearbox and differential

2. Which component connects the engine to the wheels and is usually made of steel?
3. A) Steering wheel
4. B) Drive shaft
5. C) Universal joint
6. D) Differential gear

Ans: B) Drive shaft

3. What is the consequence of a bent propeller shaft?
4. A) Improved fuel efficiency
5. B) Reduced noise
6. C) No effect on performance
7. D) Noisy operation

Ans: D) Noisy operation

4. What should be done if the universal joint cross is worn out?
5. A) Replace the propeller shaft
6. B) Clean the joint with solvent
7. C) Replace the universal joint cross
8. D) Lubricate the differential

Ans: C) Replace the universal joint cross

Answer the following questions

1. What is the purpose of using propeller shaft or driveshaft in the vehicle?

Ans: The propeller shaft or driveshaft transmits engine power from the gearbox to the differential and finally to the driving wheels.

2. Explain the various parts of the propeller shaft or driveshaft.

Ans: The main parts are the propeller shaft tube, universal joints, slip joint, yokes, flanges, and bearings, which together transmit power smoothly.

3. When universal joint and slip joint need replacement?

Ans: Universal joint and slip joint need replacement when there is excessive play, noise, vibration, wear, or difficulty in smooth power transmission.

4. Describe the functions of a drive shaft.

Ans: The drive shaft transmits torque, allows angular and length variation during suspension movement, and ensures smooth power delivery to the wheels.

Activity

1. Make a list of steps that are adopted for inspection of propeller shaft, universal joint and slip joint of a vehicle

Ans:

1. No. Steps
2. Inspect the propeller shaft for bends or cracks
3. Check universal joints for wear and free movement
4. Inspect slip joint for smooth sliding action
5. Check for proper lubrication and tightness of bolts
6. In a vehicle, the propeller shaft is running noisy; make a list of causes and remedies

Ans:

1. No. Causes                          Remedies
2. Worn universal joint               Replace the universal joint
3. Lack of lubrication                  Lubricate joints properly
4. Bent propeller shaft                Repair or replace shaft
5. Loose mounting bolts             Tighten all bolts

 

Session 3: Servicing of Differential Unit and Adjustment

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The differential allows wheels to rotate at …………… speeds when a vehicle turns.

Ans: different.

2. The primary function of the differential is to transfer engine power to the ……………

Ans: driving wheels.

3. Proper adjustment of backlash ensures correct tooth ………………. between gears.

Ans: contact.

4. In the differential, the components responsible for transmitting torque to the wheels are the half axle ……………

Ans: shafts.

Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the main purpose of a differential in a vehicle?
2. A) To increase engine power
3. B) To reduce fuel consumption
4. C) To allow wheels to rotate at different speeds during turns
5. D) To control steering alignment

Ans: C) To allow wheels to rotate at different speeds during turns

2. Which of the following gears is NOT a part of a differential?
3. A) Crown gear
4. B) Sun gear
5. C) Star gear
6. D) Drive gear

Ans: D) Drive gear

3. The differential’s job includes:
4. A) Increasing transmission speed
5. B) Slowing down engine power
6. C) Transferring power to the wheels and allowing speed variation during turns
7. D) Providing suspension support

Ans: C) Transferring power to the wheels and allowing speed variation during turns

4. When a vehicle turns, which wheels travel a shorter distance?
5. A) Front wheels
6. B) Rear wheels
7. C) Left wheels
8. D) Outside wheels

Ans: D) Outside wheels

Answer the following questions

1. What is the function of differential unit?

Ans: The differential unit transmits engine power to the driving wheels and allows them to rotate at different speeds during turning.

2. What is the importance and working of a differential?

Ans: The differential is important for smooth turning of a vehicle. It works by dividing engine torque between the wheels and allowing the inner and outer wheels to rotate at different speeds while turning.

3. What are the main parts of differential?

Ans: Crown wheel, pinion gear, differential case, spider gears, side gears, half axles, bearings, and housing.

4. Write the steps to adjust crown wheel and pinion clearance.

Ans: Check backlash with a dial gauge, adjust shims or adjusters, rotate gears to ensure smooth contact, and recheck backlash as per specifications.

5. What rotates the differential pinion shafts?

Ans: The rotation of the crown wheel and differential case rotates the differential pinion shafts.

6. To which gear half shaft splines are connected?

Ans: Half shaft splines are connected to the side gears of the differential.

7. What kind of joint is used to link differential with shaft and why?

Ans: Universal joint is used because it allows angular movement and smooth transmission of power.

8. What lubricants are commonly used in differential?

Ans: Hypoid gear oil is commonly used in the differential.

Activity

1. Make a list of the functions performed by a differential.

Ans:

1. no. Functions
2. Transmits engine power to driving wheels
3. Allows wheels to rotate at different speeds
4. Helps smooth turning of vehicle
5. Reduces tyre wear
6. In a vehicle, to overhaul the differential unit and carry out the necessary adjustments, make a list of necessary steps.

Ans:

1. No. Steps
2. Drain differential oil and remove differential assembly
3. Inspect gears, bearings, and seals for wear
4. Adjust crown wheel and pinion backlash
5. Reassemble and refill with recommended lubricant.

 

Session 4: A Transmission System (Gearbox)

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The gearbox is positioned between the engine and …………… differential in a vehicle’s drivetrain to overcome various forms of resistance and enhance engine power.

Ans: the.

2. In maintenance of the gearbox, it’s important to carry out oil changes at regular intervals to ensure proper ……………

Ans: lubrication.

3. The …………… of the gear selective mechanism should be inspected periodically, and necessary adjustments should be provided.

Ans: linkage.

4. An automatic transmission system can change gear ratios automatically using a torque converter and a complex …………… system.

Ans: hydraulic.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the primary purpose of a gearbox in a vehicle’s drivetrain?
2. a) To amplify the engine’s noise
3. b) To reduce engine power
4. c) To overcome various resistances and enhance engine power
5. d) To decrease the vehicle’s efficiency

Ans: c) To overcome various resistances and enhance engine power

2. Which of the following is NOT a resistance that a gearbox helps to overcome?
3. a) Air resistance
4. b) Gradient resistance
5. c) Load resistance
6. d) Fuel resistance

Ans: d) Fuel resistance

3. Which component is responsible for changing gear ratios automatically in an automatic transmission?
4. a) Clutch plate
5. b) Torque converter
6. c) Synchronizer ring
7. d) Differential gear

Ans: b) Torque converter

4. What does ATF stands for in the context of an automatic transmission system?
5. a) Advanced Transmission Fluid
6. b) Automatic Torque Factor
7. c) Automatic Transmission Fluid
8. d) Automated Transmission Feature

Ans: c) Automatic Transmission Fluid

5. Which part of the automatic transmission system replaces the clutch of manual transmissions?
6. a) Torque converter
7. b) Gear shifter
8. c) Synchronizer
9. d) Planetary gear

Ans: a) Torque converter

6. What is the function of the planetary gearing system in an automatic transmission?
7. a) To regulate engine power
8. b) To change tyre pressure
9. c) To provide different gear ratios
10. d) To control air conditioning

Ans: c) To provide different gear ratios

Answer the following questions

1. What are main components of automatic transmission?

Ans: Torque converter, planetary gear set, hydraulic system, valves, sensors, Electronic Control Module, and Automatic Transmission Fluid.

2. How many types of automatic transmission are used in a vehicle?

Ans: Four types of automatic transmission are commonly used: Torque Converter Automatic, Automated Manual Transmission, Continuously Variable Transmission, and Dual Clutch Transmission.

3. State the working principle of automatic transmission.

Ans: Automatic transmission works on hydraulic pressure and electronic control, where the torque converter transmits power and the planetary gear system automatically changes gear ratios based on vehicle speed and load.

Activity

1. Demonstrate the different types of Gear Box and find the difference between them by identifying their features.

Ans: The activity should include comparison of manual gearbox, automatic gearbox, AMT, CVT, and DCT based on gear changing method, clutch operation, driver involvement, fuel efficiency, and driving comfort.

 

Module: 4  Suspension System

Session 1: Maintenance of Suspension System

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. Maintenance of the vehicle’s suspension system is crucial for both safety and ………… performance.

Ans: driving.

2. Suspension check-ups are important as they ensure the proper ………….. of tyres with the road surface.

Ans: contact.

3. Suspension parts are often made of rubber to minimize shocks, hence regular checks for wear and …………… are necessary.

Ans: tear.

4. One of the functions of the suspension system is to maintain the correct vehicle …………… height.

Ans: ride.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What are the basic components of a vehicle’s suspension system?
2. A) Steering wheel and brakes
3. B) Engine and transmission
4. C) Struts, shock absorbers, springs, and tyres
5. D) Exhaust system and radiator

Ans: C) Struts, shock absorbers, springs, and tyres

2. What is the primary function of shock absorbers and struts in a vehicle’s suspension system?
3. A) Generating power for the engine
4. B) Maintaining tyre pressure
5. C) Ensuring smooth rolling of wheels
6. D) Keeping the tyres evenly connected with the road

Ans: D) Keeping the tyres evenly connected with the road

3. Which of the following is NOT a function of a vehicle’s suspension system?
4. A) Maintaining correct wheel alignment
5. B) Supporting the vehicle’s driving stability
6. C) Adjusting the vehicle’s audio system
7. D) Keeping the vehicle’s tyres in contact with the road

Ans: C) Adjusting the vehicle’s audio system

4. What should be regularly checked for wear, tear, and torn in a suspension system?
5. A) Engine oil level
6. B) Rubber parts
7. C) Brake fluid quality
8. D) Exhaust emissions

Ans: B) Rubber parts

Answer the following questions

1. Why is suspension system required in a vehicle?

Ans: The suspension system is required to absorb road shocks, maintain tyre contact with the road, provide ride comfort, and ensure vehicle stability and control.

2. Name different components of a suspension system?

Ans: Springs, shock absorbers, struts, control arms, ball joints, bushings, stabilizer bar, and tyres.

3. Make a list of maintenance tips for suspension system.

Ans: Regular inspection of shock absorbers and springs, checking rubber bushings for wear, ensuring proper wheel alignment, and replacing damaged suspension parts on time.

Activity

1. Make a list of important function of suspension system of a vehicle.

Ans:

1. No. Function
2. Absorbs road shocks and vibrations
3. Maintains tyre contact with road surface
4. Provides vehicle stability and control
5. Ensures passenger comfort

 

Session 2: Service and Replacement of Leaf Spring Set

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The leaf spring acts as a linkage for holding the …………… in position and thus separate linkages are not necessary.

Ans: axle.

2. The process of hammering the leaf throughout its length to achieve a desired angle is known as ……………..

Ans: cambering.

3. The spring shackle allows for movement of the suspension by pulling in or pushing out as the suspension travels through its up and down ………………..

Ans: movement.

4. The shackle takes up the tendency of the leaf spring to elongate when compressed, making the suspension’s springiness ………………

Ans: effective.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of a leaf spring in wheeled vehicles?
2. a) To provide steering control
3. b) To hold the chassis together
4. c) To absorb engine vibrations
5. d) To support the suspension

Ans: d) To support the suspension

2. In leaf springs, what is the primary function of interleaf friction?
3. a) Enhancing steering responsiveness
4. b) Providing damping action
5. c) Reducing tyre wear
6. d) Increasing ground clearance

Ans: b) Providing damping actionq

3. What is the purpose of a shackle in a leaf spring suspension?
4. a) To provide additional ground clearance
5. b) To connect the axle to the chassis
6. c) To improve engine performance
7. d) To enhance braking efficiency

Ans: b) To connect the axle to the chassis

4. The device that allows a leaf spring to flex and move while keeping the tyre on the road is called:
5. a) Axle pin
6. b) Leaf holder
7. c) Spring lock
8. d) Spring shackle

Ans: d) Spring shackle

Answer the following questions

1. Why leaf springs are provided in vehicle? State the functions of leaf springs.

Ans: Leaf springs are provided to support the vehicle load, absorb road shocks, maintain axle position, and ensure smooth riding comfort.

2. State the role of leaf spring in a vehicle.

Ans: The leaf spring supports vehicle weight, absorbs shocks from road irregularities, and maintains proper alignment of the axle with the chassis.

3. Describe the functions of shackle.

Ans: The shackle allows length variation of the leaf spring during compression and expansion and ensures smooth suspension movement.

4. Describe the functions of centre bolt.

Ans: The centre bolt holds the leaf spring assembly together and locates the axle correctly on the spring.

5. What tools and equipment are required for servicing of leaf spring system?

Ans: Spanners, hammers, jack and jack stands, C-clamps, pry bar, measuring scale, and safety equipment.

Activity

1. Make a list of steps to carry out the servicing, maintenance and repair of leaf spring.

Ans:

1. No. Step
2. Raise the vehicle safely and remove the wheels
3. Inspect leaf spring for cracks, wear, and sagging
4. Remove and service or replace damaged leaves and shackles
5. Reassemble, tighten bolts, and lower the vehicle
6. Make a poster showing cambering of leaf spring.

Ans: The poster should clearly show the leaf spring curvature, camber angle, hammering process, and final cambered shape with proper labels.

Try yourself.

 

Session 3: Replacement of Strut/Shock  Absorber, Steering Linkage

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to dampen shocks and dissipate energy, contributing to improved …………… and vehicle handling.

      Ans: ride comfort.

2. During the testing of a shock absorber on a vehicle, if a jerking movement is noticed, it indicates a …………….. in the shock absorber.

      Ans: defect.

3. When overhauling a …………… tools such as open-end spanners, ring spanners, tubular spanners, locking clamps, and screwdrivers are commonly used.

      Ans: shock absorber.

4. To remove a strut spring, a …………… must be fitted before loosening the nut and releasing the spring compressor.

      Ans: spring compressor.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the main purpose of a shock absorber in a vehicle?
2. a) Increase road noise
3. b) Enhance fuel efficiency
4. c) Smooth out shocks and vibrations
5. d) Improve tyre grip

      Ans: c) Smooth out shocks and vibrations

2. What component is often paired with a shock absorber to provide suspension in a vehicle?
3. a) Battery
4. b) Radiator
5. c) Spring
6. d) Exhaust pipe

      Ans: c) Spring

3. Which of the following factors can affect the life of a shock absorber?
4. a) Road conditions
5. b) Brand of the vehicle
6. c) Frequent car washing
7. d) Color of the vehicle

      Ans: a) Road conditions

4. What does a jerking movement during the testing of a shock absorber indicate?
5. a) Proper functioning
6. b) Defect in the shock absorber
7. c) Need for a car wash
8. d) Low tyre pressure

      Ans: b) Defect in the shock absorber

Answer the following questions

1. Describe the uses and applications of shock absorbers.

Ans: Shock absorbers absorb road shocks and vibrations, control spring movement, improve ride comfort, maintain tyre contact with the road, and enhance vehicle stability and handling.

2. State the reasons which affect life span of shock absorbers.

Ans: Poor road conditions, overloading of vehicle, oil leakage, improper maintenance, corrosion, and continuous driving on rough surfaces affect the life span of shock absorbers.

3. Describe the procedure for testing of shock absorber after removing it from the vehicle.

Ans: Hold the shock absorber vertically, compress it fully by hand, release slowly, and observe smooth resistance and return action; any jerking, noise, or oil leakage indicates a faulty shock absorber.

4. Describe the procedure for testing of shock absorber when it is on the vehicle.

Ans: Push the vehicle body downward and release it; if the vehicle oscillates more than once or shows jerky movement, the shock absorber is defective.

5. What tools and equipment are required for servicing of shock absorber.

Ans: Spanners, socket set, spring compressor, screwdrivers, locking clamps, jack and jack stands, and safety equipment.

Activity

1. Make a list of steps to carry out the testing of shock absorber on the vehicle.

Ans:

1. No. Step
2. Park the vehicle on a level surface
3. Apply force on the vehicle body above the wheel
4. Release suddenly and observe movement
5. Check for oscillation or jerking
6. Make a list of steps to carry out the testing of shock absorber on the vehicle.

Ans:

1. No. Step
2. Inspect shock absorber visually for oil leakage
3. Check mounting bolts for tightness
4. Observe vehicle response during bounce test
5. Confirm smooth damping action. 0 0 0

 

Session 4: Inspection of Steering Linkage

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. A steering linkage is the part of an automotive steering system that connects to the ……….. wheels.

Ans: front.

2. Regular inspection of steering linkage is necessity to maintain and ………………… of the vehicle.

Ans: safety.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of a steering linkage in an automotive steering system?
2. A) To connect the front wheels to the engine.
3. B) To provide cushioning for a smoother ride.
4. C) To maintain safety and control by connecting the front wheels.
5. D) To adjust the vehicle’s suspension height.

Ans: C) To maintain safety and control by connecting the front wheels.

2. Which component of the steering linkage is responsible for connecting the steering gearbox to the wheels?
3. A) Tie rod
4. B) Drag link
5. C) Ball joint
6. D) Torsion bar

Ans: B) Drag link

3. Why is regular inspection of the steering linkage necessary for vehicle maintenance?
4. A) To improve fuel efficiency.
5. B) To enhance engine performance.
6. C) To prevent fatal accidents and ensure safety.
7. D) To increase top speed capabilities.

Ans: C) To prevent fatal accidents and ensure safety.

4. What is the purpose of using a special tool to remove and replace bushes during steering linkage inspection?
5. A) To make the process more complicated.
6. B) To increase the cost of maintenance.
7. C) To improve the appearance of the vehicle.
8. D) To ensure proper and efficient bush replacement.

Ans: D) To ensure proper and efficient bush replacement.

Answer the following questions

1. Describe the procedure for inspection of steering linkages of a vehicle.

Ans: Raise the vehicle safely, inspect steering linkage components visually, check for looseness or excessive play, inspect ball joints and bushes for wear, ensure proper lubrication, and tighten or replace defective parts.

2. What are functions of steering linkages?

Ans: Steering linkages transmit steering movement from the steering gearbox to the wheels, maintain wheel alignment, ensure accurate steering control, and help in smooth turning of the vehicle.

Activity

1. Make a list of steps to carry out the inspection of steering linkage

Ans:

1. No.  Step
2. Park the vehicle on a level surface and apply parking brake
3. Raise the front of the vehicle using jack and stands
4. Inspect tie rods, drag link, and ball joints for wear or play
5. Lubricate and tighten components as required
6. Make a list of precautions to be taken while inspection of steering linkage

Ans:

1. No. Precaution
2. Use jack stands properly before working under vehicle
3. Wear safety gloves and goggles
4. Do not place hands near moving parts
5. Use correct tools for inspection and adjustment

 

Session 5: Manual and Power Steering System

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. In the …………. type of steering gear, a worm and roller shaft mechanism is used for manual steering.

Ans: worm and roller.

2. Rack and pinion type steering gear occupies less space and uses fewer ………… components.

Ans: mechanical.

3. Hydraulic operated power steering uses a centrifugal pump driven by the engine’s …………….

Ans: crankshaft.

4. Air suspension is often used in heavy vehicles such as …………… and trucks.

Ans: buses.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of power steering in a vehicle?
2. a) Decrease road stability
3. b) Reduce steering efforts for the driver
4. c) Increase mechanical efforts
5. d) Improve fuel efficiency

Ans: b) Reduce steering efforts for the driver

2. In the Rack and Pinion type steering gear, what is used to connect the steering wheel to the steering rack?
3. a) Worm shaft
4. b) Pinion bearing
5. c) Cross shaft
6. d) Tie rod ends

Ans: d) Tie rod ends

3. Which type of power steering operates by pressurizing fluid through a centrifugal pump?
4. a) Electronic power assisted steering
5. b) Hydraulic operated power steering
6. c) Manual steering
7. d) Worm and roller shaft steering

Ans: b) Hydraulic operated power steering

4. Which component of the EPS system detects the position and torque of the steering column?
5. a) Worm shaft
6. b) Steering wheel
7. c) Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
8. d) Pinion bearing

Ans: c) Electronic Control Unit (ECU)

Answer the following questions

1. Describe the procedure for servicing of the manual steering system.

Ans: Inspect the steering wheel free play, check steering gear box for wear and leakage, lubricate all joints and linkages, adjust steering gear backlash, and tighten all fasteners.

2. Describe the procedure for servicing of rack and pinion type of steering.

Ans: Raise the vehicle, inspect rack boots for damage, check tie rods and ball joints for play, lubricate components, adjust rack preload if required, and replace worn parts.

3. State the types of powers used in operation of power steering.

Ans: Hydraulic power, electric power, and electro-hydraulic power.

4. Describe the procedure for inspection of power steering.

Ans: Check power steering fluid level, inspect hoses and connections for leakage, examine belt condition and tension, test steering effort, and listen for abnormal noises.

5. Describe principle of working of air suspension system.

Ans: Air suspension works by using compressed air stored in air springs to support vehicle load, where air pressure is adjusted automatically to maintain ride height and comfort.

6. What is function of steering in vehicle?

Ans: Steering allows the driver to control vehicle direction, maintain stability, and ensure safe maneuvering.

7. Write the name of components of steering system.

Ans: Steering wheel, steering column, steering gear box, rack and pinion, tie rods, drag link, ball joints, and steering knuckle.

8. In modern vehicle which types of steering systems are used?

Ans: Rack and pinion steering, hydraulic power steering, electric power steering, and electro-hydraulic steering.

9. What are limitations of manual steering?

Ans: Requires high steering effort, causes driver fatigue, difficult handling at low speeds, and unsuitable for heavy vehicles.

10. What are advantages of power steering over manual steering?

Ans: Reduced driver effort, improved comfort, better control at low speeds, and safer vehicle handling.

Activity

1. In automobile different types of steering are used. Make a list of types of steering

Ans:

1. No. Type of steering
2. Manual steering
3. Hydraulic power steering
4. Electric power steering
5. Rack and pinion steering
6. Make a list of steps followed for servicing of rack and pinion type of steering

Ans:

1. No. Step
2. Lift the vehicle and secure it safely
3. Inspect rack, pinion, and tie rods for wear
4. Check and lubricate moving parts
5. Replace damaged components and test steering operation

 

Session 6: Steering System Adjustment

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. Wheel balancing helps to eliminate ……….. and prevent premature wear of various vehicle components.

Ans: vibration.

2. The first sign of possible wheel imbalance is when the steering wheel starts to …………. at certain speeds.

Ans: vibrate.

3. Wheel alignment consists of adjusting the angles of the wheels to reduce tyre wear and ensure …………. travel.

Ans: straight.

4. Caster angle influences vehicle stability at …………… speeds and affects tyre lean during cornering.

Ans: high.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the purpose of wheel balancing?
2. a) To increase tyre wear
3. b) To eliminate vibration and premature wear
4. c) To make steering harder
5. d) To increase vehicle weight

Ans: b) To eliminate vibration and premature wear

2. What is the primary purpose of adjusting wheel alignment?
3. a) Increase fuel efficiency
4. b) Improve suspension performance
5. c) Reduce tyre wear and ensure straight travel
6. d) Enhance engine power

Ans: c) Reduce tyre wear and ensure straight travel

3. Which type of wheel imbalance causes a vibration that can be felt at the steering wheel?
4. a) Rear wheel imbalance
5. b) Front wheel imbalance
6. c) Left wheel imbalance
7. d) Right wheel imbalance

Ans: b) Front wheel imbalance

4. Toe-in adjustment is responsible for ensuring:
5. a) Wheels roll parallel
6. b) Wheels rotate in opposite directions
7. c) Wheels tilt inward at the top
8. d) Wheels are balanced

Ans: a) Wheels roll parallel

Answer the following questions

1. What is the use of castor plate?

Ans: Castor plate is used to adjust and set the correct castor angle of the wheel to improve straight-line stability and steering control.

2. Write the turning radius of two small cars?

Ans: The turning radius of two small cars is approximately 4.5 metres to 5.0 metres.

3. Explain wheel balancing and wheel alignment.

Ans: Wheel balancing is the process of evenly distributing the weight of the wheel and tyre assembly to prevent vibration, while wheel alignment is the adjustment of wheel angles so that wheels are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the road surface.

4. Why wheel balancing is required in a vehicle?

Ans: Wheel balancing is required to avoid vibration, improve driving comfort, increase tyre life, and prevent damage to suspension and steering components.

5. How dynamic balancing of wheel is carried out with the help of balancing machine?

Ans: In dynamic balancing, the wheel is mounted on a balancing machine, rotated at high speed, imbalance is detected electronically, and corrective weights are fixed on the rim to balance the wheel.

6. Write the symptoms of imbalanced wheel in the vehicle?

Ans: Steering wheel vibration, uneven tyre wear, noise at high speed, poor handling, and discomfort while driving.

7. What are the ill-effects, if wheels are not properly balanced in a car?

Ans: Increased tyre wear, damage to suspension parts, steering vibration, reduced driving comfort, and reduced vehicle safety.

8. What do you understand by toe-in and toe-out?

Ans: Toe-in is when the front edges of the wheels are closer than the rear edges, while toe-out is when the front edges of the wheels are farther apart than the rear edges.

9. What is castor angle and how does it affect steering system?

Ans: Castor angle is the angle between the steering axis and vertical line; it helps in self-centering of steering and improves high-speed stability.

10. What is camber angle and how does it affect steering system?

Ans: Camber angle is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel at the top; it affects tyre contact with the road and influences tyre wear and steering stability.

Activity

1. Make a list of preliminary procedure for wheel alignment

Ans:

1. No.  Procedure
2. Check tyre pressure and condition
3. Inspect suspension and steering components
4. Check wheel bearings for play
5. Load the vehicle as per manufacturer recommendation
6. Make a list of adjustment which can be done in steering gear

Ans:

1. No. Adjustment
2. Steering gear backlash adjustment
3. Tie rod length adjustment
4. Rack preload adjustment
5. Steering wheel free play adjustment.

 

Module 5: Auto Electrical System

Session 1: Automotive Electrical and Electronics Symbol

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The symbol for an electrical wire represents the …………..

Ans: conductor.

2. Resistor reduces the flow of ……………. in an electrical circuit.

Ans: current.

3. Neoprene rubber is often used as insulation for cables due to its resistance to ………… oil, and heat.

Ans: water.

4. High-tension (HT) cables are used to connect the …………… to the spark plugs.

Ans: ignition coil.

5. The purpose of a wiring harness is to simplify connections and prevent damage from ……….. objects.

Ans: external.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of using automotive electrical symbols?
2. a) To confuse mechanics
3. b) To simplify circuit diagrams
4. c) To increase voltage
5. d) To generate light

Ans: b) To simplify circuit diagrams

2. Which type of switch disconnects the current when open?
3. a) SPST Toggle Switch
4. b) Pushbutton Switch (N.O)
5. c) SPDT Relay
6. d) Jumper

Ans: a) SPST Toggle Switch

3. What does a resistor do in an electrical circuit?
4. a) Increases voltage
5. b) Reduces current flow
6. c) Acts as a switch
7. d) Generates light

Ans: b) Reduces current flow

4. Which cable is used for the battery circuit?
5. a) Black
6. b) Green
7. c) Yellow
8. d) Brown

Ans: a) Black

5. What is the primary purpose of a wiring harness in automobiles?
6. a) To confuse mechanics
7. b) To increase voltage
8. c) To simplify connections
9. d) To generate heat

Ans: c) To simplify connections

6. Which cable is used for the headlamp circuits?
7. a) White
8. b) Blue
9. c) Red
10. d) Black

Ans: b) Blue

Answer the following questions

1. Draw a neat diagram of following items in symbolic form.
2. Fuse

Ans: Fuse is represented by a straight line with a small rectangle or break in the middle.

1. Relay

Ans: Relay is shown by a coil symbol connected to switch contacts.

1. Transistor

Ans: Transistor is represented by three terminals: emitter, base, and collector with an arrow.

1. LED

Ans: LED is shown as a diode symbol with two arrows pointing outward.

1. Ground

Ans: Ground is represented by three horizontal lines of decreasing length.

Draw the diagram youself.

2. Write various specifications of automobile cables.

Ans: Automobile cables are specified by conductor material, cross-sectional area, voltage rating, insulation type, temperature resistance, and flexibility.

3. What do you understand by cable color codes? Classify the automobile cables.

Ans: Cable color codes are standardized colors used to identify the function of electrical circuits. Automobile cables are classified as battery cables, ignition cables, lighting cables, charging system cables, and accessory circuit cables.

4. What is wiring harness? How does it affect the electrical connections in automobile?

Ans: A wiring harness is a bundle of electrical wires arranged systematically to transmit power and signals. It improves safety, reliability, ease of maintenance, and protects wires from heat, vibration, and mechanical damage.

Activity

1. Make a list of the auto electrical components and also write brief description

Ans:

1. No. Component        Description
2. Battery Stores and supplies electrical energy
3. Alternator Charges the battery and supplies power
4. Starter motor Cranks the engine for starting
5. Fuse Protects circuit from overload
6. Relay Controls high current using low current
7. Prepare a poster showing symbols of auto electrical and electronic components and write also their names.

Ans: The poster should include symbols and names of battery, fuse, relay, switch, resistor, diode, LED, transistor, ground, and motor.

Try yourself.

 

Session 2: Electrical Test Equipments

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. One of the simplest types of test equipment is the …………..wire.

      Ans: jumper

2. A test light is limited in that it does not display the ………. at the point of the circuit being tested.

      Ans: voltage value

3. Digital multimeters (DMMs) are preferred for testing computer circuits due to their high input resistance, which reduces the risk of …………… to components.

      Ans: damage

4. An oscilloscope displays voltage traces on a screen, representing voltage variations over……………

      Ans: time

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the primary purpose of using jumper wires in electrical testing?
2. A) To measure resistance
3. B) To diagnose voltage drops
4. C) To provide a ground for testing
5. D) To bypass load components

      Ans: D) To bypass load components

2. Which tool is used to “look” for electrical power in a circuit?
3. A) Voltmeter
4. B) Ammeter
5. C) Logic probe
6. D) Ohmmeter

     Ans: C) Logic probe

3. Which type of multimeter is recommended for testing computer-controlled circuits due to its high input resistance?
4. A) Analog multimeter
5. B) Digital multimeter (DMM)
6. C) Ohmmeter
7. D) Logic probe

      Ans: B) Digital multimeter (DMM)

4. What is the purpose of a logic probe in electrical testing?
5. A) Measure voltage drops
6. B) Test diodes
7. C) Measure frequency
8. D) Test computer-controlled circuits

      Ans: D) Test computer-controlled circuits

5. In a circuit, the sum of voltage drops around the circuit is equal to:
6. A) Zero
7. B) The source voltage
8. C) Infinity
9. D) Half of the source voltage

      Ans: B) The source voltage

Answer the following questions

1. Discuss the importance of electrical test equipment in the testing of automobile electrical circuits.

      Ans: Electrical test equipment is very important for testing automobile electrical circuits because modern vehicles use complex electrical and electronic systems. These tools help technicians to identify faults accurately and quickly. Test equipment such as multimeters, test lights, and oscilloscopes allow checking voltage, current, resistance, and signal patterns. Proper testing helps avoid unnecessary replacement of components, reduces repair time, ensures safety, and improves vehicle reliability and performance.

2. Name various electrical test equipment used in an automobile.

      Ans: Various electrical test equipment used in automobiles include:

Test light

Jumper wire

Digital multimeter

Analog multimeter

Logic probe

Oscilloscope

Battery tester

Scan tool

3. With the help of multi-meter what parameters can be tested?

      Ans: With the help of a multimeter, the following parameters can be tested:

Voltage

Current

Resistance

Continuity

Diode condition

4. Explain how to test following parameters with the help of multi-meters?
5. Voltage

      Ans: To test voltage, the multimeter is set to the voltage range. The probes are connected in parallel across the component or circuit. The meter then displays the voltage present in the circuit.

1. Current

      Ans: To test current, the multimeter is set to the current range and connected in series with the circuit. This allows the current flowing through the circuit to pass through the meter for measurement.

1. Resistance

      Ans: To test resistance, the multimeter is set to the resistance range. The power supply must be switched off. The probes are connected across the component, and the meter displays the resistance value.

5. Explain regarding the Oscilloscope. What parameters can be checked with the help of an oscilloscope?

      Ans: An oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument used to observe and analyze electrical signals. It displays voltage changes over time in the form of waveforms on a screen. With the help of an oscilloscope, parameters such as voltage amplitude, frequency, signal shape, time interval, and waveform patterns can be checked. It is especially useful for testing sensors and computer-controlled circuits in modern vehicles.

Activity

1. Make a list of the auto electrical testing equipment and also state their application

      Ans:

1. Name of the electronic testing equipment: Test light

Applications: Used to check the presence of voltage in a circuit

2. Name of the electronic testing equipment: Jumper wire

Applications: Used to bypass components and complete circuits temporarily

3. Name of the electronic testing equipment: Digital multimeter

Applications: Used to measure voltage, current, resistance, and continuity

4. Name of the electronic testing equipment: Logic probe

Applications: Used to test digital signals in electronic circuits

5. Name of the electronic testing equipment: Oscilloscope

Applications: Used to analyze signal waveforms and sensor outputs

2. Prepare a poster showing electrical test equipment used in testing of automobile electrical components and circuits.

      Ans: The poster should include pictures and names of test light, jumper wire, digital multimeter, logic probe, oscilloscope, and battery tester, along with their basic uses in testing automobile electrical components and circuits.

 

Session 3: Battery and its Maintenance

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. Battery acid is very …………….. If it comes in contact with skin, wash with clean water.

      Ans: corrosive

2. When connecting battery cables, always connect the ……………cable last.

      Ans: negative

3. Avoid any ………………or open flames near a battery, as the vapors produced can be explosive.

      Ans: sparks

4. To clean a battery, you can use a solution of baking soda and water or………………

      Ans: ammonia solution

5. Battery’s state of charge can be determined by testing the specific gravity of the …………using a hydrometer.

   Ans: electrolyte

6. The open circuit voltage test is used to determine the battery’s …………and it is performed when a hydrometer is not available.

      Ans: state of charge

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of battery inspection and cleaning in the automotive electrical system?
2. a) To increase battery capacity
3. b) To reduce battery voltage
4. c) To prevent dirt and corrosion buildup
5. d) To enhance engine performance

      Ans: c) To prevent dirt and corrosion buildup

2. When making connections to a battery, which of the following should you observe?
3. a) Connect positive to negative
4. b) Connect negative to positive
5. c) Observe no specific polarity
6. d) Connect positive to positive and negative to negative

Ans: d) Connect positive to positive and negative to negative

3. What is the purpose of adding baking soda to water when cleaning a battery?
4. a) To make the water conductive
5. b) To neutralize battery acid
6. c) To increase the battery’s capacity
7. d) To remove rust from terminals

      Ans: b) To neutralize battery acid

4. Why should you avoid laying tools across a battery?
5. a) It might discharge the battery
6. b) It could damage the tools
7. c) It might cause a short circuit
8. d) It could lead to battery freezing

      Ans: c) It might cause a short circuit

5. Which type of cable should you disconnect first when working on a battery?
6. a) Positive (hot) cable
7. b) Negative (ground) cable
8. c) Both cables simultaneously
9. d) It doesn’t matter which one you disconnect first

      Ans: b) Negative (ground) cable

6. What should you wear to protect your eyes while servicing a battery?
7. a) Gloves
8. b) Earplugs
9. c) Safety glasses or a face shield
10. d) A hard hat

      Ans: c) Safety glasses or a face shield

Answer the following questions

1. Explain the importance of battery and its maintenance in automobile.

      Ans: The battery is an important component of an automobile as it supplies electrical energy to start the engine and power electrical and electronic systems. Proper battery maintenance ensures reliable starting, longer battery life, and correct functioning of vehicle electrical components. Regular inspection, cleaning, and testing help prevent failures, corrosion, and sudden breakdowns.

2. Write various precautions to be observed while handling the lead acid battery.

      Ans : Precautions while handling a lead-acid battery include wearing safety glasses and gloves, avoiding sparks or open flames near the battery, not laying tools across battery terminals, handling electrolyte carefully, connecting correct polarity, and washing skin immediately with water if acid comes in contact.

3. Write the procedure of inspection and cleaning of a battery.

      Ans: First, switch off the ignition and disconnect the negative cable followed by the positive cable. Inspect the battery case for cracks and leakage. Check terminals for corrosion. Prepare a solution of baking soda and water and clean the terminals and battery top using a brush. Rinse with clean water, dry the battery, apply petroleum jelly on terminals, and reconnect the positive cable first and the negative cable last.

4. Name various tests carried out on a lead acid battery and explain each one of those tests.

      Ans: The tests carried out on a lead acid battery are:

Visual inspection test, which checks the physical condition of the battery.

Hydrometer test, which measures the specific gravity of electrolyte to determine state of charge.

Open circuit voltage test, which measures battery voltage without load to check state of charge.

Load test, which checks the battery’s ability to supply current under load conditions.

5. Write different faults occur in lead acid battery, their causes and remedies.

      Ans Common faults in a lead acid battery include sulphation caused by undercharging, which can be corrected by proper charging. Low electrolyte level occurs due to evaporation and should be corrected by adding distilled water. Corroded terminals are caused by acid fumes and can be cleaned using baking soda solution. Dead battery may occur due to internal short circuit and requires replacement.

Activity

1. Make a list of the tools and equipment required for checking and cleaning of automotive battery

      Ans:

1. Name of the tools/ equipment: Safety glasses
2. Name of the tools/ equipment: Battery terminal cleaner or wire brush
3. Name of the tools/ equipment: Hydrometer
4. Name of the tools/ equipment: Digital multimeter
5. Prepare a poster showing cutout of the battery and label all the components.

Ans: The poster should show a cutout view of a lead acid battery with labels such as positive terminal, negative terminal, battery case, electrolyte, separator plates, positive plates, and negative plates. 0 0 0

 

Session 4: Checking of Electrical Connections of Lighting System in a Vehicle

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. Circuit testing is a ……………. approach to locating the cause of a problem in a vehicle’s lighting system.

      Ans: systematic

2. To effectively diagnose a circuit problem, it’s important to understand how the circuit should……………

      Ans: operate

3. Checking for ………………..connection before testing involves cleaning and tightening the ground.

      Ans: poor

4. A short to ground can be located by using a self-powered test lamp or ……………with power disconnected from the circuit.

      Ans: ohmmeter

5. When using a voltmeter to check for voltage, the reading should be within ………………of battery voltage.

      Ans: one volt

6. In an unfused circuit, if there is a short to ground, the conductor may ……………and possibly burn.

      Ans: overheat

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of checking the lighting system in a vehicle?
2. a) To save fuel
3. b) To reduce emissions
4. c) To ensure vehicle safety and compliance with laws
5. d) To increase engine performance

      Ans: c) To ensure vehicle safety and compliance with laws

2. Which of the following is NOT a component of a lighting circuit in a vehicle?
3. a) Circuit protector
4. b) Engine block
5. c) Switch
6. d) Connector

      Ans: b) Engine block

3. What is the potential danger if a lighting circuit in a vehicle is not operating properly?
4. a) Increased fuel efficiency
5. b) Enhanced driving experience
6. c) Risk to driver and other people
7. d) Improved audio system performance

      Ans: c) Risk to driver and other people

4. Which tool is used to check for voltage in a lighting circuit?
5. a) Hammer
6. b) Screwdriver
7. c) Test lamp or voltmeter
8. d) Pliers

      Ans: c) Test lamp or voltmeter

5. Why should a test lamp not be used in circuits containing solid-state components?
6. a) It can improve circuit performance
7. b) It may damage the circuit or components
8. c) It can increase circuit resistance
9. d) It may cause overheating of wires

      Ans: b) It may damage the circuit or components

6. How can you locate a short to ground in a wiring circuit?
7. a) By disconnecting the load and fuse, then wiggling the wiring
8. b) By increasing the circuit voltage
9. c) By using a test lamp only
10. d) By disconnecting the battery

Ans: a) By disconnecting the load and fuse, then wiggling the wiring

Answer the following questions

1. Discuss the importance of checking the electrical connections of the lighting system in a vehicle.

      Ans: Checking the electrical connections of the lighting system is important to ensure proper operation of vehicle lights. Loose, corroded, or damaged connections can cause dim lights, flickering, or complete failure. Proper connections ensure correct voltage supply, improve safety during night driving, and help comply with traffic regulations. Regular inspection prevents accidents and reduces electrical faults.

2. Write the general procedure of testing the automobile lighting circuit for the following parameters.
3. Voltage

      Ans: To test voltage, switch on the light circuit and set the multimeter to voltage range. Connect the positive probe to the power side of the circuit and the negative probe to ground. The voltage reading should be close to battery voltage.

1. Ground

      Ans: To test ground, connect one probe of the multimeter to the ground point and the other to the battery negative terminal. A low resistance or zero voltage drop indicates a good ground connection.

1. Shorting

      Ans: To test for shorting, disconnect the power supply and load from the circuit. Use an ohmmeter or test lamp to check for unwanted continuity between the conductor and ground.

1. Continuity

      Ans: To test continuity, switch off the power and set the multimeter to continuity mode. Connect the probes across the circuit. A beep or low resistance reading indicates continuity.

3. Draw a circuit diagram of the lighting system of any Indian car.

      Ans: A typical lighting circuit diagram includes the battery, fuse, light switch, dimmer switch, headlamp bulb, ground connection, and connecting wires arranged in series and parallel combinations.

4. Write about different faults of the lighting system of a car, their causes and remedies.

      Ans: Common faults in the lighting system include dim lights due to poor grounding or low voltage, blown fuses caused by short circuits, flickering lights due to loose connections, and non-functioning lights due to faulty bulbs or switches. Remedies include tightening connections, replacing blown fuses, repairing wiring, and replacing defective components.

Activity

1. Make a list of the problems that can take place in four areas of a lighting circuit.

      Ans:

1. Name of the area: Power supply

Problems: Blown fuse or low battery voltage

2. Name of the area: Switch

Problems: Worn or faulty switch contacts

3. Name of the area: Wiring and connectors

Problems: Open circuit, short circuit, or loose connections

4. Name of the area: Ground

Problems: Poor or corroded ground connection

2. Prepare a poster showing a headlight circuit diagram and label all the components.

      Ans: The poster should show a headlight circuit diagram with labeled components such as battery, fuse, headlight switch, relay, dimmer switch, headlamp bulb, ground point, and connecting wires.

Try youself

 

Session 5: Application and Replacement of Fuses

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The primary purpose of fuses is to protect electrical circuits from the detrimental effects of ………………….

      Ans: overcurrent

2. Blade-type fuses are characterized by flat plastic units with ……………male blade-type connectors.

      Ans: two

3. Cartridge-type fuses, commonly used in older European vehicles, have pointed ends and a metal strip that extends from …………….to……………..

      Ans: one end to the other end

4. Fuse identification and specifications can usually be found on the …………..or the cover of the fuse box.

      Ans: fuse box diagram

5. When replacing a fuse, it’s important to ensure that the new fuse has the correct …………..and………………

      Ans: amperage rating and type

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Fuses are used for protecting electrical circuits and equipment against the effects of:
2. A) Voltage spikes
3. B) Excessive currents
4. C) Magnetic fields
5. D) Static electricity

   Ans: B) Excessive currents

2. In the case of a greater number of fuses, each fuse might protect:
3. A) A single electrical item
4. B) A specific type of circuit
5. C) A group of electrical items
6. D) All lighting circuits

      Ans: C) A group of electrical items

3. Which fuse is commonly used to protect circuits controlled by the ignition switch?
4. A) 15 A
5. B) 25 A
6. C) 35 A
7. D) 50 A

      Ans: A) 15 A

4. The three basic types of fuses include glass or ceramic fuses, blade-type fuses, and:
5. A) Bullet or cartridge fuses
6. B) Wire fuses
7. C) Fibre fuses
8. D) Magnetic fuses

      Ans: A) Bullet or cartridge fuses

Answer the following questions

1. Discuss the importance of applications and the replacement of fuses in a vehicle.

      Ans: Fuses are important safety devices used to protect vehicle electrical circuits from damage due to excessive current. They prevent wiring damage, fire hazards, and failure of electrical components. Correct application of fuses ensures proper protection of circuits. Timely replacement of blown fuses with correct rating and type helps restore circuit operation and prevents repeated failures.

2. Name different types of fuses and explain.

      Ans: Different types of fuses used in automobiles are:

Glass or ceramic fuses, which contain a fuse element enclosed in a glass or ceramic tube and are used in older vehicles.

Blade-type fuses, which are flat plastic fuses with metal blades and are commonly used in modern vehicles.

Cartridge or bullet fuses, which have metal ends and are mainly used in older European vehicles.

3. Write the values of fuses used in the different electrical systems of an automobile.

      Ans: Common fuse values used in automobiles are 5 A, 10 A, 15 A, 20 A, 25 A, 30 A, and 40 A, depending on the electrical load of systems such as lighting, ignition, accessories, and power circuits.

4. Explain the colour coding of different fuses.

      Ans: Colour coding of fuses helps in easy identification of their current rating. Each fuse colour represents a specific amperage value, such as red for 10 A, blue for 15 A, yellow for 20 A, green for 30 A, and clear or white for lower ratings. This helps technicians quickly select the correct fuse.

Activity

1. Make a list of equipment used in an automobile which uses fuses for their protection and also write the value of fuse.

      Ans:

1. Name of the equipment: Headlamp circuit

Value of the fuse in amperes: 15 A

2. Name of the equipment: Horn circuit

Value of the fuse in amperes: 10 A

3. Name of the equipment: Wiper motor

Value of the fuse in amperes: 20 A

4. Name of the equipment: Audio system

Value of the fuse in amperes: 15 A

2. Prepare a poster showing three types of fuses used in the automobile electrical system and write their names also.

      Ans: The poster should show blade-type fuse, glass fuse, and cartridge fuse with their names clearly labeled and brief identification for use in automobile electrical systems.

 

Session 6: Circuit Diagram of Charging System of Automobile and Checking of Charging System

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. Routine maintenance of the alternator involves checking the ……………. and ensuring the tightness of connecting bolts.

      Ans: driving belt

2. During the alternator testing on the vehicle, if the ignition warning lamp remains illuminated while the engine is running, it could be due to a………………

      Ans: defective alternator

3. Diodes can be tested individually using a 12-V battery and a warning lamp with test prods of ……………. V and W, respectively.

      Ans: terminals

4. If the ignition warning lamp fails to illuminate when the ignition is switched on, a possible cause could be a ………………or…………. connection.

      Ans: blown bulb or open

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the purpose of using alternators in modern vehicles instead of dynamos?
2. a) To increase generator speed
3. b) To decrease generator size
4. c) To overcome brush and commutation limitations
5. d) To reduce electrical load

      Ans: c) To overcome brush and commutation limitations

2. What precautions should be taken before checking the charging system?
3. a) Disconnect the battery
4. b) Flash the alternator output leads
5. c) Use a slave battery to start the engine
6. d) Ensure all connections are secure and clean

      Ans: d) Ensure all connections are secure and clean

3. What should be the belt deflection when checking the driving belt’s condition?
4. a) 5-10mm
5. b) 10-15mm
6. c) 15-20mm
7. d) 20-25mm

      Ans: b) 10-15mm

4. In the alternator checking procedure, if the warning lamp does not go off when the engine starts, what could be the issue?
5. a) Loose belt
6. b) Faulty ignition switch
7. c) Defective alternator
8. d) Disconnected battery

      Ans: c) Defective alternator

5. What is the purpose of inserting an ammeter and a voltmeter during alternator testing?
6. a) To measure engine speed
7. b) To measure battery voltage
8. c) To measure field current and alternator voltage
9. d) To measure fuel consumption

      Ans: c) To measure field current and alternator voltage

6. If the voltage during engine speed of 50 km/h falls below 13.5V or above 14.4V, what might be the issue?
7. a) Faulty regulator
8. b) Loose battery terminal
9. c) Worn bearings
10. d) Shorted phase in the stator

      Ans: a) Faulty regulator

Answer the following questions

1. Name the importance of circuit diagram of charging system of automobile and checking of charging system in a vehicle.

      Ans: The circuit diagram of the charging system helps in understanding the flow of current and connection of components such as alternator, battery, regulator, and warning lamp. It assists technicians in locating faults easily. Checking the charging system ensures proper battery charging, reliable electrical supply, and prevents battery discharge or overcharging, thereby improving vehicle performance and safety.

2. Draw the charging circuit of a modern car.

      Ans: The charging circuit of a modern car includes the battery, alternator, voltage regulator, ignition switch, warning lamp, fuse, and connecting wires arranged to charge the battery while supplying electrical power to vehicle systems.

3. Explain the procedure of testing the charging circuit step by step.

      Ans: First, inspect the driving belt for condition and correct tension. Check battery terminals and wiring connections for tightness and cleanliness. Start the engine and observe the ignition warning lamp. Measure battery voltage with the engine running using a voltmeter. Insert an ammeter to check charging current. Compare readings with standard values to confirm proper operation of the charging circuit.

4. Explain the procedure of testing the following.
5. Alternator Stator

      Ans: Disconnect the stator leads and use an ohmmeter to check continuity between stator windings. Ensure there is no continuity between winding and body, indicating no short to ground.

1. Alternator Rotor

      Ans: Check the rotor winding resistance using an ohmmeter across the slip rings. Also check for insulation between the rotor winding and shaft to ensure there is no grounding.

1. Rectifier

      Ans: Test rectifier diodes using a test lamp or multimeter. Current should flow in one direction only. If current flows in both directions or not at all, the diode is faulty.

5. Write different faults that may occur in the charging circuit, their causes and remedies.

      Ans: Common faults include low charging due to loose belt or faulty regulator, overcharging caused by defective regulator, no charging due to open circuit or faulty alternator, and warning lamp remaining on due to diode or stator faults. Remedies include tightening or replacing belts, repairing wiring, replacing faulty regulators, alternators, or rectifier units.

Activity

1. 1. Prepare a poster showing the charging system of any vehicle.

      Ans: The poster should show the battery, alternator, voltage regulator, ignition switch, warning lamp, and wiring connections clearly labeled to explain the working of the charging system.

Try yourself.

2. Prepare a poster showing the testing of the alternator and regulator of the vehicle.

      Ans: The poster should illustrate alternator and regulator testing using a voltmeter and ammeter, showing connection points, test steps, and normal voltage and current values.

Try youself,

 

Session 7: Circuit Diagram of Starting System of Automobile and Checking of Starter Circuit

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The starter motor converts electrical energy into ……………. motion to crank the engine.

      Ans: mechanical

2. To check the continuity between the terminal lead and the brush, a continuity test is performed using a ………………

      Ans: multimeter

3. If the commutator is rough or worn, it can be smoothed using ………………paper.

      Ans: emery

4. In the event of no cranking and dim lights, a possible cause could be an ………………circuit in the switch.

      Ans: open

5. A weak shift lever return …………….. slowly after the engine has started can lead to the pinion disengaging.

      Ans: spring

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. The electric starter system of an automobile includes which of the following components?
2. a) Alternator, carburetor, spark plugs
3. b) Battery, ignition lock, starter motor
4. c) Radiator, transmission, throttle body
5. d) Exhaust pipe, fuel pump, brake pads

      Ans: b) Battery, ignition lock, starter motor

2. What is the purpose of the Bendix pinion in the starter system?
3. a) To generate electricity
4. b) To engage the gears in the transmission
5. c) To rotate the crankshaft
6. d) To engage the starter motor with the engine’s flywheel

      Ans: d) To engage the starter motor with the engine’s flywheel

3. The armature in the starter motor is primarily responsible for:
4. a) Controlling the ignition timing
5. b) Holding the brushes in place
6. c) Converting electrical energy into mechanical motion
7. d) Regulating fuel flow to the engine

      Ans: c) Converting electrical energy into mechanical motion

4. Excessive resistance in the cranking motor circuit can result in:
5. a) Bright lights
6. b) Faster engine cranking
7. c) Slow engine cranking
8. d) Overheating of the starter motor

      Ans: c) Slow engine cranking

5. In a starter system, the solenoid plunger chattering is often caused by:
6. a) Low battery voltage
7. b) A defective ignition system
8. c) A short circuit in the control circuit
9. d) Overheating of the starter motor

      Ans: a) Low battery voltage

6. What is the purpose of the over-running clutch in the starter system?
7. a) To engage the Bendix pinion
8. b) To regulate fuel flow to the engine
9. c) To prevent the starter motor from overheating
10. d) To allow the engine to start even after the starter motor disengages

      Ans: d) To allow the engine to start even after the starter motor disengages

Answer the following questions

1. Share importance of circuit diagram of starting system of automobile and checking of starter circuit in a vehicle.

      Ans: The circuit diagram of the starting system helps in understanding the arrangement and connection of components such as battery, ignition switch, starter relay, solenoid, and starter motor. It helps in diagnosing faults quickly. Checking the starter circuit ensures reliable engine starting, prevents damage to components, and improves vehicle safety and performance.

2. Draw the circuit diagram of the starting system of an Indian car.

      Ans: The starting system circuit includes the battery connected to the ignition switch, starter relay, solenoid, starter motor, and ground, forming a complete circuit to crank the engine.

3. Explain the procedure of checking the starting circuit.

      Ans: First, check the battery condition and terminal connections. Inspect the wiring and ground connections. Turn the ignition switch to the start position and observe the cranking action. Measure voltage at the starter motor using a voltmeter. Check solenoid operation and continuity of the circuit to locate faults.

4. Write the different faults may occur in the starting circuit, their causes and remedies.

      Ans: Common faults include no cranking due to a discharged battery or open circuit, slow cranking caused by excessive resistance or a weak battery, clicking noise due to a faulty solenoid or low voltage, and the starter motor running continuously due to a defective switch or relay. Remedies include charging or replacing the battery, tightening connections, repairing wiring, and replacing a faulty solenoid, relay, or starter motor.

Activity

1. Make a list of faults in the starting system of a vehicle, their causes and remedies.

      Ans:

1. Fault: No cranking

Causes: Discharged battery or open circuit

Remedies: Charge or replace battery, repair wiring

2. Fault: Slow cranking

Causes: Weak battery or high resistance

Remedies: Clean terminals, replace battery

3. Fault: Clicking noise

Causes: Faulty solenoid or low voltage

Remedies: Replace solenoid, charge battery

4. Fault: Starter runs continuously

Causes: Stuck relay or ignition switch

Remedies: Replace relay or switch

2. Prepare a poster showing main component of starting system of a vehicle.

      Ans: The poster should show the battery, ignition switch, starter relay, solenoid, starter motor, Bendix pinion, flywheel, and connecting cables clearly labeled.

Try youself

 

Session 8:  Circuit Diagram of Ignition System and Checking of Ignition Circuit

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. In a distributor less ignition system, the Engine Control Unit (ECU) controls the transistors that break the …………… side of the circuit to generate the spark.

      Ans: primary

2. A transistorized ignition system uses a …………… to control the on-off cycle of the ignition coil’s primary winding.

      Ans: transistor

3. One advantage of a computerized ignition system is its ability to precisely control the ignition ………………. leading to improved efficiency and emissions.

      Ans: timing

4. In a coil ignition system with CB point, the component responsible for opening and closing the circuit is the……………..

      Ans: contact breaker point

5. The secondary winding of an ignition coil induces voltage into the ………………. circuit.

      Ans: secondary

6. One of the benefits of a transistorized ignition system is that it has no and reduced moving parts, which contributes to longer component ……………. and reduced maintenance.

      Ans: life

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In a coil ignition system with CB point, which component is responsible for opening and closing the circuit to generate the spark?
2. A) Spark Plug
3. B) Rotor
4. C) Contact Breaker Point
5. D) Ignition Coil

Ans: C) Contact Breaker Point

2. Which electronic component in a transistorized ignition system is responsible for controlling the ignition coil’s primary winding?
3. A) Spark Plug
4. B) Camshaft
5. C) Distributor Cap
6. D) Primary Transistor

      Ans: D) Primary Transistor

3. What advantage does a computerized ignition system offer over traditional systems?
4. A) Longer spark plug lifespan
5. B) Elimination of the battery
6. C) Improved control of ignition timing
7. D) Higher fuel consumption

      Ans: C) Improved control of ignition timing

4. In a distributorless ignition system, what component controls the transistors to generate the spark?
5. A) Camshaft
6. B) Distributor Cap
7. C) Engine Control Unit (ECU)
8. D) Contact Breaker Point

      Ans: C) Engine Control Unit (ECU)

5. What does a transistor in an ignition system function as?
6. A) Relay
7. B) Switch
8. C) Battery
9. D) Spark Plug

     Ans: B) Switch

6. What does the secondary winding of an ignition coil induce voltage into?
7. A) Battery
8. B) Camshaft
9. C) Primary Transistor
10. D) Secondary Circuit

      Ans: D) Secondary Circuit

Activity

1. Make a list of components of coil ignition system of a vehicle.

      Ans:

1. Component: Battery
2. Component: Ignition coil
3. Component: Contact breaker point
4. Component: Distributor
5. Prepare a poster showing the coil ignition system of a vehicle.

      Ans: The poster should show the battery, ignition switch, ignition coil, contact breaker point, condenser, distributor, spark plug, and connecting wires clearly labeled to explain the working of the coil ignition system.

Try yourself

 

Session 9: Maintenance and Servicing of Major Electrical Accessories

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. During the troubleshooting of a horn assembly, if the fuse is blown, it should be ………….. and the horn should be tested again.

      Ans: replaced

2. Electric fuel pumps can be of two types: the flexible diaphragm type and the motor-driven …………… type.

      Ans: rotary

3. To adjust the parking position of windshield wipers, the limit switch cover should be turned in the direction ……………… to the motor crank rotation.

      Ans: opposite

4. If the oil pressure indicator lamp continues to glow even when oil pressure is adequate, the most likely cause is a ……………….. pressure sensor.

      Ans: faulty

5. The purpose of cleaning the top of the fuel tank before removing the fuel pump is to ensure a clean …………. for the pump.

      Ans: mounting surface

6. In an electronic return-less fuel system, the Fuel Pump Control Module (FPCM) controls the voltage supplied to the fuel pump to achieve the desired fuel …………… requested by the Engine Control Module (ECM).

      Ans: pressure

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the purpose of testing switches and relays in a vehicle’s electrical system?
2. a) To adjust the sound quality of the horn
3. b) To determine the horn frequency
4. c) To check for voltage at the power feed terminal
5. d) To diagnose their serviceability

      Ans: d) To diagnose their serviceability

2. What should you do if a horn in a single-horn system does not sound when the horn button is pressed?
3. a) Replace the horn relay
4. b) Clean and tighten the horn switch ground connection
5. c) Check the circuit fuse
6. d) Replace the horn switch

      Ans: c) Check the circuit fuse

3. What is the advantage of an electric fuel pump over a mechanical pump in a vehicle’s fuel system?
4. a) It depends on the engine drive
5. b) It requires less maintenance
6. c) It is affected by under-bonnet temperatures
7. d) It can be located away from the engine

    Ans: d) It can be located away from the engine

4. What is a key factor that can cause fuel pump failure?
5. a) Low fuel level in the tank
6. b) Excessive fuel pressure
7. c) Use of high-octane fuel
8. d) Frequent use of additives

      Ans: a) Low fuel level in the tank

Answer the following questions

1. Discuss the importance of maintenance and servicing of major electrical accessories in a vehicle.

      Ans: Maintenance and servicing of major electrical accessories are important to ensure reliable operation, safety, and comfort of the vehicle. Proper maintenance helps prevent sudden failures of components such as horn, wipers, fuel pump, gauges, and warning systems. Regular inspection, cleaning, and testing improve the service life of accessories, reduce repair costs, and ensure accurate functioning of vehicle monitoring systems.

2. Draw the circuit diagram of the following.
3. Dual Horn assembly

      Ans: The dual horn circuit consists of battery, fuse, horn relay, horn switch, two horn units connected in parallel, and ground.

1. Electrical fuel pump

      Ans: The electrical fuel pump circuit includes battery, ignition switch, fuse, relay, fuel pump motor, and ground connection.

1. Electrical fuel gauges (balancing coil type and thermostatic type)

      Ans: The balancing coil type fuel gauge circuit includes battery, ignition switch, fuel gauge unit with two coils, sender unit, and earth.

The thermostatic type fuel gauge circuit includes battery, ignition switch, heating coil, bimetal strip, sender unit, and ground.

1. Oil pressure gauge (balancing coil type)

      Ans: The oil pressure gauge circuit consists of battery, ignition switch, balancing coil gauge, pressure sender unit, and ground.

1. Temperature gauge

      Ans: The temperature gauge circuit includes battery, ignition switch, temperature gauge, temperature sender unit, and earth.

1. Electric Speedometer

      Ans: The electric speedometer circuit includes the vehicle speed sensor, control unit, speedometer gauge, power supply, and ground.

1. Two-speed windscreen wipers

      Ans: The two-speed wiper circuit includes battery, fuse, wiper switch, resistor, wiper motor, park switch, and ground.

3. Explain the different faults, causes and remedies of the following automobile accessories.
4. Dual Horn assembly

      Ans: Faults include horn not sounding or sounding weak. Causes are blown fuse, faulty relay, poor grounding, or defective horn. Remedies include replacing fuse, cleaning connections, or replacing horn unit.

1. Electrical fuel pump

      Ans: Faults include no fuel delivery or noisy pump. Causes are clogged filter, low fuel level, or worn motor. Remedies include cleaning or replacing filter, maintaining fuel level, or replacing the pump.

1. Electrical fuel gauges (balancing coil type and thermostatic type)

      Ans: Faults include incorrect fuel level indication. Causes are faulty sender unit, open circuit, or poor grounding. Remedies include checking wiring, replacing the sender or gauge unit.

1. Oil pressure gauge (balancing coil type)

      Ans: Faults include incorrect readings or warning lamp glowing. Causes are faulty sender or wiring fault. Remedies include replacing pressure sender or repairing the wiring.

1. Temperature gauge

      Ans: Faults include overheating indication or no reading. Causes are defective temperature sender or open circuit. Remedies include replacing sender and checking connections.

1. Electric Speedometer

      Ans: Faults include no speed indication or erratic reading. Causes are faulty speed sensor or wiring. Remedies include replacing sensor or repairing wiring.

1. Two-speed windscreen wiper

      Ans: Faults include the wiper not working or incorrect speed. Causes are faulty switch, resistor, or motor. Remedies include replacing switch, resistor, or motor.

Activity

1. Make a list of major electrical accessories of a vehicle.

      Ans:

1. Electrical accessory: Horn
2. Electrical accessory: Windshield wiper
3. Electrical accessory: Fuel pump
4. Electrical accessory: Instrument cluster gauges
5. Prepare a poster showing a circuit diagram of an electrical speedometer, oil pressure warning light, and electrical fuel gauge (balanced coil type and thermostatic type) of a vehicle.

      Ans The poster should clearly show labeled circuit diagrams of an electric speedometer, oil pressure warning lamp circuit, fuel gauge of balancing coil type, and fuel gauge of thermostatic type with power supply, sender units, and ground connections.

      Try yourself

 

Session 10: Introduction to Climate Control System Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning in a Vehicle

Textual Question-Answers

Check Your Progress

Fill in the blanks

1. The climate control system is designed to provide comfort for the ……………and…………..

   Ans: driver and passengers

2. The HVAC system controls ………….. and the removal of…………..

      Ans: temperature,  humidity

3. The heater element is kept hot by means of …………… of the radiator.

      Ans: hot coolant

4. The ……….. operates similarly to the heater, using heat from the same heater element. It directs hot air against the windshield to prevent condensation or freezing.

      Ans: defroster

5. The purpose of the ……………. is to check whether the A/C system has the proper charge of refrigerant. It involves operating the A/C at maximum cooling capacity and observing the sight glass on the receiver/dryer.

      Ans: performance test

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The purpose of the climate control system in a vehicle is to:
2. a) Improve fuel efficiency
3. b) Enhance vehicle speed
4. c) Provide comfort for occupants
5. d) Increase engine performance

      Ans: c) Provide comfort for occupants

2. Which of the following is NOT a subsystem of the HVAC system?
3. a) Cooling system
4. b) Heating and defrosting system
5. c) Air distribution and ventilation system
6. d) Air conditioning system

Ans: a) Cooling system

3. The component that directs hot air against the windshield to prevent condensation or freezing is called the:
4. a) Vent door
5. b) Evaporator
6. c) Defroster
7. d) Compressor

      Ans: c) Defroster

4. What is the purpose of the blower motor in a vehicle’s HVAC system?
5. a) To control fuel injection
6. b) To drive the vehicle
7. c) To provide fresh air for ventilation
8. d) To charge the battery

      Ans: c) To provide fresh air for ventilation

5. In an air conditioning system, the compressor is driven by a belt and pulley from the:
6. a) Radiator fan
7. b) Engine crankshaft pulley
8. c) Transmission
9. d) Alternator

      Ans: b) Engine crankshaft pulley

6. What does the sight glass on the receiver/dryer of an A/C system indicate?
7. a) Oil level
8. b) Engine temperature
9. c) Refrigerant charge state
10. d) Battery voltage

      Ans: c) Refrigerant charge state

Answer the following questions

1. Discuss the importance of the climate control system, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning in a vehicle.

      Ans: The climate control system is important for providing comfort and safety to vehicle occupants. Heating keeps the cabin warm in cold weather, ventilation supplies fresh air and removes stale air, and air conditioning cools the cabin and removes humidity. These systems improve driver alertness, prevent windshield fogging, and enhance overall driving comfort in all weather conditions.

2. What do you mean by climate control in an automobile?

      Ans: Climate control in an automobile refers to the system that maintains a comfortable cabin environment by regulating temperature, airflow, and humidity automatically or manually, according to the needs of the occupants.

3. Write the functions of the Heater and Defroster in an automobile.

      Ans: The heater provides warm air to the passenger compartment by using engine heat to maintain comfort during cold conditions. The defroster directs hot air onto the windshield and windows to remove condensation, fog, or ice, ensuring clear visibility for safe driving.

4. Draw the operational circuit of an automobile air conditioning system and label different components.

      Ans: The operational circuit of an automobile air conditioning system includes the compressor, condenser, receiver/dryer, expansion valve, evaporator, blower motor, pressure switches, and connecting pipes, arranged in a closed refrigerant flow circuit.

5. Explain different faults of the automobile air conditioning system, their causes and remedies.

      Ans: Common faults include insufficient cooling due to low refrigerant level or compressor fault, noisy operation caused by worn bearings, and no cooling due to a blocked condenser or faulty expansion valve. Remedies include recharging refrigerant, repairing or replacing faulty components, cleaning the condenser, and checking electrical controls.

Activity

1. Make a list of components of the air conditioning system of a vehicle.

Ans:

1. Component: Compressor
2. Component: Condenser
3. Component: Receiver/dryer

4.  Component: Evaporator

2. Prepare a poster showing a circuit diagram of the air conditioning system of a vehicle.

Ans: The poster should show a labeled circuit diagram of the automobile air conditioning system, including compressor, condenser, receiver/dryer, expansion valve, evaporator, blower motor, and refrigerant flow direction.

Try yourself.

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Books of Composition by M. Menonimus:

Some Books For Students

1. Advertisement Writing
2. Amplification Writing
3. Note Making
4. Paragraph Writing
5. Notice Writing
6. Passage Comprehension
7. The Art of Poster Writing
8. The Art of Letter Writing
9. Report Writing
10. Story Writing
11. Substance Writing
12. School Essays Part-I
13. School Essays Part-II
14. School English Grammar Part-II..

Books of S. Story by M. Menonimus:

1. The Fugitive Father and Other Stories
2. The Prostitute and Other Stories
3. Neha’s Confession
4. Juvenile Stories and Essays

Books of Biography by M. Menonimus:

1. The World Writers-Brief Biographies
2. Introduction to World Writers
3. Introduction to World Personalities
4. Love of Reputed Persons
5. Brief Biographies of Prominent Bengali Writers
6. Brief Biographies of Eminent Monarchs
7. Brief Biographies of Ancient Thinkers and Writers
8. Brief Biographies of Eminent Generals and Conquerors
9. Biographies of Writers Around the World
10. Introduction to Men of Letters ..

Books on Linguistics by M. Menonimus:

1. A Brief History of the English Language
2. Essays on Linguistics
3. My Imageries
4. Felicitous Expression: Some Examples
5. Learners’ English Dictionary

Books of Literary Criticism by M. Menonimus:

1. World Short Story Criticism
2. World Poetry Criticism
3. World Drama Criticism
4. World Novel Criticism
5. World Essay Criticism
6. Indian English Poetry Criticism
7. Indian English Poets and Poetry Chief Features
8. Emily Dickinson’s Poetry-A Thematic Study
9. Walt Whitman’s Poetry-A Thematic Study
10. Critical Essays on English Poetry
11. Tawfiq al-Hakim’s Novel: Return of the Spirit-An Analytical Study
12. Tawfiq al-Hakim’s Novel: ‘Yawmiyyat Naib Fil Arayaf’-An Analytical Study
13. Analytical Studies of Some Arabic Short Stories
14. A Brief History of Arabic Literature: Pre-Islamic Period (500 AD-622 AD)
15. A Brief History of Arabic Literature: Early Islamic Period (622 AD-661 AD)
16. Reviews on William Shakespeare’s Works
17. Reviews of Charles Dickens’ Works
18. Reviews of John Milton’s Literary Works
19. Reviews of Some Iconic Travelogues
20. Shakespeare’s Sonnets-Critical Studies
21. Analytical Studies of Selected Poems of Sarojini Naidu
22. Analytical Studies of Selected Poems of Rabindranath Tagore
23. Analytical Studies of Selected Indian English Poems
24. Reviews of Selected Motivational Books
25. Origin Evolution & Functions of Literature
26. Essays on Shakespeare and His Time …

Books of Poetry by M. Menonimus :

1. Rainbow Tomorrow Night
2. A Heart Full of Golden Hopes
3. Evergreen Loves
4. For My Countrymen
5. If You Go Away
6. In Search of a White Heart
7. In the Light of Candle
8. In the River of Blood
9. Lovelia
10. My Dear a Heart
11. My Native Land
12. The Lost Reminiscence
13. Under the Starry Sky
14. The Little Girl and the Stars
15. Loves and Songs
16. My Casual Poems
17. An Orphan and Other Poems in Prose

Books of Essay by M. Menonimus:

1. Love Letters to Liza
2. Let’s Look Into
3. Essays on Science and Technology
4. Articles on Contemporary Affairs
5. Gleaned Essays

Books on Science and Technology by M. Menonimus:

1. Select Essays on Technology
2. Interactive SEO Guide
3. Tips For Best SEO

Books of Theory:

1. Educational Psychology: A Comprehensive Study
2. The Human Psychology: A Comprehensive Study

Books of Motivation:

1. Earn One Million Dollars a Month
2. Earn Million Dollars Using ChatGPT
3. The Millionaire Mindset

Educational Guide Books:

1. Class 12 Biology Concept Summary
2. Class 12 Biology Mind Map
3. Class 12 Alternative English Solutions
4. Class 12 English Solutions
5. Class 12 Anthropology Solutions
6. Class 12 Home Science Solutions

Formative feedback of any kind is warmly honored and appreciated.‘