Class 12 Home Science Unit I Work Livelihood and Career Solutions

Explore Class 12 Anthropology Unit I Work Livelihood and Career Solutions with clear textual question answers, additional important questions, and exam-oriented solutions based on the NCERT syllabus.

Class 12 Home Science Unit I Work Livelihood and Career Solutions

Review Questions with Solutions 1

1. What are the different ways in which work can be perceived?

Ans: Work can be perceived in the following ways:

(i) Work as a job and livelihood: Work may be viewed mainly as a means of earning income to meet personal and family needs. In this case, a person’s satisfaction from work is largely associated with the income and security it provides.

(ii) Work as a career: A person may view work as a long-term professional journey involving advancement in position, status, income, skills, responsibilities, and achievements. Such a person invests considerable time and effort in work with the aim of achieving professional growth and long-term goals.

(iii) Work as a calling: A person may view work as something personally meaningful and fulfilling. In this case, the person derives satisfaction from the work itself and feels that the work is connected with an inner purpose, values, or a desire to contribute to others or society.

2. Differentiate between job and career.

Ans:

Job: A job is a specific paid position or employment undertaken to perform particular duties and earn income. It may be temporary or long-term and is generally focused on the responsibilities of a particular position.

Career: A career is a long-term professional journey that may include a series of related jobs, roles, experiences, and achievements. It focuses on professional growth, skill development, advancement, and the achievement of long-term goals.

Job: It is usually more task-oriented and involves specific duties and responsibilities.

Career: It is generally more goal-oriented and involves broader professional development and long-term objectives.

Job: A job may provide limited opportunities to explore different roles, depending on the organization and position.

Career: A career may provide opportunities to develop new skills, take on different roles, and progress within a chosen field.

3. What is meant by meaningful work?

Ans: Meaningful work is work that a person considers valuable and connected with a larger purpose. It may provide personal satisfaction and a sense of fulfilment, particularly when the work benefits other people, the community, or society.

Review Questions with Solutions 2

1. What do you understand by the terms gender and sex?

Ans: Gender refers to the socially and culturally constructed roles, behaviours, expectations, expressions, and identities associated with people in society. These may vary across cultures and societies.

Sex refers to biological attributes in humans, including chromosomes, gene expression, hormones, and reproductive and sexual anatomy. Sex is commonly classified as female or male, although biological variations also occur.

2. Who are home makers? What is their contribution in the economy of the family?

Ans: Homemakers are people who primarily manage household responsibilities such as cooking, cleaning, caring for children and other family members, and managing household activities. Although this work is generally unpaid, it makes an important contribution to the family economy by providing essential services, reducing the need to purchase many services from outside, and supporting the well-being and productivity of family members. Therefore, homemaking should be recognized as valuable work.

3. How will women get recognition in the family and the society?

Ans: Women can gain greater recognition in the family and society through access to education, skill development, employment, economic independence, participation in decision-making, and equal opportunities. Recognition also requires respect for women’s unpaid household and care work and the removal of discrimination and social barriers.

4. How are women guaranteed equality in India?

Ans: In India, women’s equality is supported by the Constitution, laws, and government measures. Article 14 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds including sex, while Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in public employment. Article 39 also directs the State to promote equal rights to adequate means of livelihood for men and women. In addition, laws such as the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, and the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, provide legal protection to women. Government programmes and measures for women’s safety, education, health, and economic empowerment also support gender equality.

5. What are the government initiatives in favour of women?

Ans: The Government of India has introduced several initiatives for the safety, security, education, health, and empowerment of women and girls. Important examples include Mission Shakti, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP), Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY), One Stop Centres, and the Women Helpline. These initiatives aim to promote the dignity, safety, education, economic empowerment, and overall well-being of women and girls.

Review Questions with Solutions 3

1. Explain the terms:

(a) Quality of work life.

Ans: Quality of Work Life (QWL) refers to the overall quality of an employee’s experience in the workplace. It includes factors such as fair rewards, job security, safe and healthy working conditions, work-life balance, good relationships, employee participation, opportunities for growth, and satisfaction with work. A good quality of work life helps create a more satisfying, productive, and supportive work environment.

(b) Life skills.

Ans: Life skills are abilities that help individuals deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. They include skills such as decision-making, problem-solving, communication, interpersonal relationships, critical thinking, coping with stress and emotions, and adapting to different situations. These skills promote personal well-being, healthy relationships, resilience, and effective participation in society.

2. What is meant by a healthy work environment? How can it be created?

Ans: A healthy work environment is a workplace that promotes the physical, mental, and social well-being of employees while ensuring safety, respect, fairness, and productivity. It can be created in the following ways:

(i) Promote safety and cleanliness:

(a) Ensure that the workplace follows appropriate health and safety standards.

(b) Keep the workplace clean, hygienic, organized, and free from avoidable hazards.

(ii) Foster positive communication:

(a) Encourage open and respectful communication between management and employees.

(b) Hold regular meetings to discuss concerns, share information, and solve workplace problems.

(iii) Build a culture of respect and inclusion:

(a) Prevent discrimination, harassment, bullying, and unfair treatment.

(b) Respect diversity and encourage cooperation and teamwork among employees.

(iv) Support employee well-being:

(a) Provide reasonable working conditions, adequate rest, and appropriate work-life balance.

(b) Promote healthy practices and provide support for employees’ physical and mental well-being.

Review Questions with Solutions 4

1. What is meant by dignity of labour?

Ans: Dignity of labour means that all honest forms of work deserve respect and recognition. No occupation should be considered inferior merely because of the type of work, and people should not be discriminated against because of their occupation. Both manual and intellectual work have value and contribute to society.

2. Explain briefly the role of values and ethics in professional life.

Ans: The role of values and ethics in professional life includes the following:

(i) Decision-making: Ethical principles help professionals make fair, responsible, and honest decisions, particularly in difficult situations.

(ii) Reputation and credibility: Following strong values and ethical practices builds trust and enhances the reputation and credibility of individuals and organizations.

(iii) Conflict resolution: Ethical behaviour provides a fair basis for resolving disagreements and conflicts and helps maintain professional relationships.

(iv) Social and environmental responsibility: Ethical practices encourage professionals to consider the effects of their actions on society, the environment, and future generations.

Additional Questions with Solutions

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Which view of work is mainly associated with earning income to meet personal and family needs?

(a) Work as a calling
(b) Work as a job and livelihood
(c) Work as a hobby
(d) Work as voluntary service

Ans: (b) Work as a job and livelihood

2. Which of the following is mainly associated with long-term professional growth?

(a) Career
(b) Leisure
(c) Recreation
(d) Household activity

Ans: (a) Career

3. Which Article of the Constitution of India guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws?

(a) Article 14
(b) Article 15
(c) Article 16
(d) Article 19

Ans: (a) Article 14

4. Which of the following is a component of Mission Shakti?

(a) One Stop Centres
(b) Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana
(c) National Highway Development Programme
(d) Skill India Mission only

Ans: (a) One Stop Centres

5. What does dignity of labour mean?

(a) Only professional jobs deserve respect
(b) Manual work is less valuable than intellectual work
(c) All honest forms of work deserve respect
(d) Only highly paid work has social value

Ans: (c) All honest forms of work deserve respect

Short Questions with Solutions

1. What is meant by work as a calling?

Ans: Work as a calling means viewing work as personally meaningful and connected with an inner purpose or desire to contribute to others.

2. What is a career?

Ans: A career is a long-term professional journey involving different jobs, roles, experiences, skills, and achievements.

3. What is meaningful work?

Ans: Meaningful work is work that a person considers valuable, purposeful, and fulfilling.

4. What is gender?

Ans: Gender refers to socially and culturally constructed roles, behaviours, expectations, expressions, and identities associated with people.

5. What is sex?

Ans: Sex refers to biological attributes such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive and sexual anatomy.

6. Why is homemaking economically important?

Ans: Homemaking provides essential unpaid household and care services that support the well-being and productivity of family members.

7. What is Quality of Work Life?

Ans: Quality of Work Life refers to the overall quality of an employee’s experience and well-being in the workplace.

8. What are life skills?

Ans: Life skills are abilities that help individuals deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life.

9. What is a healthy work environment?

Ans: A healthy work environment is a workplace that promotes employees’ physical, mental, and social well-being along with safety, respect, and fairness.

10. What is the role of ethics in professional life?

Ans: Ethics guide professionals to act honestly, fairly, responsibly, and respectfully in their work.

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